Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Inventory Management Systems Essay

In today’s business environment, even many smaller businesses have come to rely on computerized inventory management systems. Automated systems can replace the cost and time consuming processes that were once completed by hand while providing companies with more accurate data. Inventory control is important to ensure control in businesses that handle transactions revolving around consumer goods. Without proper inventory control, a store may run out of stock on an important item. A good inventory control system will alert the retailer when it is time to reorder (www.barcodesinc.com). It will also aid in the prevention of theft and product loss. Overall, a good inventory system will increase the value of your business, satisfy your customers and create more freedom in your life. In this paper, I will describe all the necessary equipment for a low-cost automated inventory system for a small clothing store. I will also explain the costs involved in the creation of the system, describe the ongoing maintenance that will be required and provide a workflow diagram to illustrate how the system will work. An inventory control system that I feel best provides the need of a small clothing store consists of a PC (laptop), backup/recovery and archive device, wireless router, inventory control software, mobile scanning device, and barcode printer. The system shall provide versatility and reliable performance application demands. This system will make tracking inventory simple and intuitive. This system will allow for flexibility to scan and track inventory away from the PC, enabling inventory records to be updated and perform transactions on-the-go. Updates and changes made are instantly shown in the main database, providing real-time visibility of inventory levels. The necessary equipment needed is a PC (laptop), system requirements, (32-bit or 64-bit Windows 7 Professional, Windows Visa Premium, Windows XP (SP3) Professional, 4 GB RAM, 320 GB disk, DVD), backup/recovery and archive device, wireless router for mobile device use, inventory control software for tracking point-of-sale purchase, a mobile scanning device that allows for wireless integration of data, and barcode printer for labeling and tracking inventory. The initial cost of the system, includes the purchase of the hardware and software needed to effectively label and track inventory. Required hardware: †¢PC (laptop) (Dell Latitude E6420 (32-bit – 4 GB RAM – Windows 7 – 320 GB disk – Intel CPU – 2.66 GHz CPU – NVIDIA GPU – With DVD Drive – 1280 x 800 – Touchpad) purchased from www.dell.com for $669.00 †¢Backup/recovery and archive device (Dell PowerVault RD1000 – Removable Disk Storage) purchased from www.dell.com for $409.00 †¢Wireless router (Linksys E3200 High Performance Dual Band Router) purchased from www.tigerdirect.com for $149.00 †¢Mobile scanning device (Metrologic ScanPal 2) purchased from www.barcodediscount.com for $503.90 †¢Barcode printer (Zebra LP 2824 Plus) purchased from www.barcodediscount.com for $223.10 Required Software: †¢Inventory software, Microsoft Business Solutions Point of Sale Software (single user license), purchased from www.barcodediscount.com for $12.20 The total cost of the inventory system is $1966.20. This is an extremely affordable solution for a small business. Computer preventive maintenance means the operating system is more likely to be cleaned, fine-tuned and better prepared for the unexpected. If routinely scheduled maintenance tasks are not implemented, computers/servers become infected, tweaked and not ready for whatever happens. While every mishap cannot be avoided, even small efforts made in this area increase a computer operating system’s performance. This is what makes preventative maintenance important (www.ehow.com). Ongoing maintenance of the inventory system includes preventative maintenance as well as vendor supplied updates and patches. Vendor supplied patches are updates from the provider to effectively repair a bug in the system. Vendor supplied updates provide the latest software updates provided by the vendor. Both patches and updates must be applied to the system to function properly. Routine maintenance will be performed every 90 days. Routine maintenance includes: †¢Keeping devices properly patched and configured to reduce risk †¢Device health checks to keep systems up and running †¢Minor configuration changes †¢Running scheduled tasks such as defragmentation and disk cleanup on devices †¢Driver updates †¢Increase computer/server memory as needed †¢Patch, monitor and manage security devices It is extremely important that all hardware and software stay up-to-date and completely integrated. Failing to do so, can give you false data which can result in an overstock or under-stock of supplies and cause the business a loss. Below is a flow chart diagram of each piece of equipment used, along with how to the inventory control system integrates with one another. Companies can build their own custom retail inventory systems based upon their needs. In today’s business environment, it is almost vital that businesses switch to an automated system for inventory management because manual inventory can lead to a number of errors, which will hurt the company in the future. An automated inventory system increase companies’ productivity and sales and gives them a competitive edge against their competition.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Appendix A

Title of artwork Artist's name(s) Medium Museum or institution who owns the work Paragraph in short essay form that includes the following: Formal analysis: Describe what you see and the design as a whole. History: In what art style does it fall? Interpretation: Is there any symbolism? Consider the following example: 1987 Landscape with Tree Oil on canvas Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Landscape with Tree by George Smith is an example of American realist painting of the 20th century. The realist style has origins that trace back to the 19th-centuryFrench artist Gustavo Court. Smith is one of the few American artists still engaged in the realist manifesto, which rejects abstraction as a corrupt, elitist form of art. Landscape is an asymmetrical composition. The work achieves a sense of balance through counterbalancing the tree and moon on either side of the picture plane. Although composed in stark black-and-white, Smith's work achieves an expressive force created by the use of a dynamic, fluid line. The tree in art is often associated with life, renewal, and growth (Grove Art Online, 2007).Smith establishes a contrast between the tree's symbolism and the quarter moon. On your reference page, images found online must be cited as follows: Example electronic image citation: Author (Role of Author). (Year image was created). Title of work [Type of work]. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from: website address Example electronic image citation with no author: Title of work [Type of work]. (Year image was created). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from: website address Final Project Timeline You should budget your time wisely and work on your project throughout the course.As outlined below, some assignments in the course are designed to assist you in creating your final project. If you complete your course activities and use the feedback provided by the instructor, you will be on the right track to successfully complete your project. Suggested in Week One: Review recommende d websites listed in your Appendix B and your textbook and think about which broad area of art you want to research for the final project. Suggested in Week Two: Select a broad area of art, for example, architecture, sculpture, film, video art, installation art, performance art, painting, drawing, hydrotherapy, or Internet art.Suggested in Week Three: Within your chosen medium, think about one theme you want to research, such as Mexican fresco paintings or Buddhist sculptures. Suggested in Week Five: Submit the theme for facilitator feedback. Due in Week Six: Begin writing the 100-word paragraphs for your 10 selected works in short essay form. Suggested in Week Seven: Continue to write captions in short essay form. Suggested in Week Eight: Finalize timeline works and text. Include citations where appropriate. Due in Week Nine: Submit your final project.

Monday, July 29, 2019

750 word editorial to submit to USA today for possible publication on Article

750 word editorial to submit to USA today for possible publication on why I think the Mental Health Access ACT OF 2012 needs to be passed so it can help the nations veterans - Article Example Delivering mental healthcare to this segment is a unique challenge that requires specialized training. Combat stress has become the inescapable part of life of a war veteran that results in psychological stress. The Post-Deployment Health Assessment for soldiers has revealed the alarming results of mental disorders for those who are engaged in violent war-fronts where they have to witness killings and bloodshed. The Mental Health Access Act of 2012 aims to improve and enhance programs and activities of the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs to improve the levels of resilience of the veterans. Establishment of such a system to provide accurate and reliable measures for mental health services to the veterans is the need of the hour. The bill sponsored by Senator Murray (Democrat) and introduced on June 25, 2012 is the right step in achieving the desired goal. The bill broadly has the twin objectives. Pre-deployment training, wherein the soldiers will be counseled about what to expect in the front to enable them to be mentally tough and let them know how to handle it when confronted and the options available to them. Soldiers killing themselves and committing suicide is distressing news as compared to their dying in warfronts for a cause. According to the figures reported by the Department of Veterans Affairs the nation’s veterans who live through the conditions, post-traumatic disorders coupled with substance abuse have turned out to be serious ailments. Many ancillary problems like emotional numbing, sleeplessness, irritability, hyper vigilance, depression, anxiety and poor concentration makes their life tortuous. The authorities need to take decisive steps to prevent, inform and treat. The brave, faithful men and women who have sacrificed much and have dedicated their lives to serve the nation deserve more and their grievances need to be comprehensively addressed, treated and alleviated. The Mental

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Unmanned aerial vehicls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Unmanned aerial vehicls - Essay Example The U.S. military has used UAVs for surveillance and for actual military operations. In 2009, a UAV-controlled missile was successful in neutralizing a Taliban leader. Future plans of the U.S. Air Force include using UAVs and robots in ground assaults or in beach assault situations. UAVs can also perform military tasks like acquiring targets and rescuing soldiers from dangerous situations. Other uses include collecting data from sensors for use in making digital maps, dropping supplies extremely dangerous territory, and assisting with cyberwarfare attacks. Military UAVs are also known as the ‘flying eye’ because they are designed as surveillance system equipped with sensors and computerized components. The flying eye is deployed in the air to conduct surveillance, take pictures and collect information valuable for military or civilian purposes. When the UAV is in the air, it is programmed to fly for a predetermined flight path until it reaches back to the ground or base. Popularity and applications of UAVs UAVs were first popular with the military because they offer greater flexibility and are more advantageous in dangerous environments than manned aircraft. When it comes to technology, UAVs are effective with the newest technology, such as sensors, microprocessors, and propulsion systems, which can endure and are more effective than human pilots. In the military perspective, UAVs have proved effective in military missions and have also been proven successful in dangerous and contaminated environments where it is very dangerous for human-driven aircraft. (Nonami et al. 2010, p. 3) Complicated UAVs designed for military use are expensive and difficult to operate in crowded places. Designers have devised inexpensive UAVs and make it smaller and easy to operate. Micro air vehicles were built lightweight, with a wingspan of just about 15 cm. and weights about half a kilogram. MAVs can perform military tasks what larger ones cannot do. They can fly to clo se terrain or at dense forest environment, and collect data without being detected. MAVs can also be used for atmospheric studies without influencing airflows. MAVs can also perform surveillance missions for the military as they are built like stealth aircraft. (Langelaan & Roy 2009, p. 1642) Japan has the largest number of registered UAVs, particularly unmanned helicopters used in agriculture. In 2002, it exceeded other countries, such as Australia, West Europe and USA, in the number UAVs registered for civil and military use. The low risk and greater success in missions are major motivators for the use of UAVs in military and civil operations. It has been predicted that in the U.S., market for UAV will reach $16 billion, next is Europe which is currently spending approximately $3 billion. In Europe, this has increased slowly. (Nonami et al. 2010, p. 4) UAV components and designs Major components of a UAV include a microcontroller system, a compass, GPS, servo-controlled mechanism, and cameras or sensors. These components vary per different manufacturing specifications. More sophisticated UAVs are created by different manufacturers depending on the purpose for which they are made. There are various AUV designs which are made relative to their purpose; manufacturers provide designs for military surveillance and operations, for civil use and for hobbyists. More designs have been introduced for civil and military purposes. The industry is even made more competitive and vibrant as smaller firms have

Astronomy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Astronomy - Assignment Example The material separation of the earth according to their density has played a vital role in this process. It has a very dense metallic core, comparatively less dense rocky mantle and low density crust. It might have happened two ways; the heat raised by radio active combination that caused the interior melting, and the energy created by its formation process. The answer for how the earth’s external crust became less dense is clear. It happened as the densest materials submerged in to the melted interior of the planet. As mentioned earlier, the heat created by the radioactive decay or the internal melting naturally have the tendency to flow out. Subsequently other natural phenomena such as convection currents, magnetic field, plate motion, faults, volcanoes, and many more occur. As the outer crusts are comparatively cooler, the outward flow of heat through them makes the earth always geologically active. The moon or other small planets are cool and inactive because they are small in size and have little heat flow from interior (Seeds, Backman,

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Knowledge Management - managing knowledge Essay

Knowledge Management - managing knowledge - Essay Example According to Dimitris Karagiannis (2005), knowledge is a combination of many factors which together makes up strategies that helps in making decisions. It includes aspects of understanding of the organization and its people and the experience with the organization or others in the same line. It includes organized information from documents and other artefacts in the organization or outside. It is a difficult task to organize knowledge and get the best value from it. There must be highly organized initiative in the aspects of organization itself, its people and the enabling environment. According to Sanchez Ron (2001), knowledge management is a technology by itself which helps in assessing the actual and potential contribution to the process of creating and sharing of new ideas and decisions in an organization. It is good to understand that knowledge management is more of a process than a product. It represents a process in which ideas and facts are gathered, carefully analyzed and considered before arriving at any strategy. It forms the bases for effective planning and understanding of a strategy. It provides a way in which unstructured data is processed to become a more useful data that can form basis of strategizing for the benefit of the organization. The process consists of some components that are important and cannot be ignored. It requires consulted effort or collaboration from all quarters of the organization. It is important for all to contribute to the process in order to have diverse knowledge about a subject matter. In requires the aspect of content ma nagement and taxonomy management. Hence any effective organizational management must put into practice the knowledge management process in order to have effective strategies that work for the organization. According to Chun Choo and Nick Bontis, (2007), there are two broadly recognized approaches or technologies to management that are currently practiced in many companies and which are being advocated by many consultant firms. Sound management strategies require an extremely creating synthesis of the two approaches as each helps to offset the limitations of the other. The two approaches that are being advocated in company strategy are tacit and explicit forms of knowledge are being used in organizational management. The two approaches are merely forms of organized knowledge that can be applied in management. They are knowledge approaches which are fundamental in making decision. In the process of codification or articulation, tacit knowledge can be transformed to explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge approach in strategies As the name suggest, this is the knowledge that cannot be easily shared with other people. It is the knowledge that is possessed inside and which is difficult to communicate to the organization unless through an enhanced process of knowledge management. This is the kind of knowledge that people carry in their minds. It is a form of knowledge that is difficult to access unless one is willing to contribute it to the organizatio

Friday, July 26, 2019

Reggio Emilia Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reggio Emilia Approach - Essay Example According to Gandini, this was the time when men and women became motivated towards building schools by themselves for their children. At the same time, teachers also began to work hard in creating fresh methods of educating in order to "support the new democratic society." The schools built up at that time merged the theory of "social services with education." There was a sequence of national regulations accepted during the years 1968 and 1971 which made it feasible for the progress of Reggie Approach. According to Rinaldi, who is an educational director, the teachers worked as a steady piece in order to establish a new strength, and had rights to assign certain working terms like the authority to suppose, to arrange, and to understand various things. Every single child has prospective, inquisitiveness, and divert ness in communal dealings, creating affiliations, building their knowledge, and bargaining with whatever their surroundings offer them. When a child takes part in a commotion, it is necessary that they pick out their wrong doings and correct them. This step can help kids in becoming more practical and solving matters more by themselves. Teachers' role here is vital, as they should give children enough space to correct and improve themselves without being criticised and pointed out by teachers. Due to their young age group, they are tending to be more proficient than any other age group. The Reggio Emilia Schools take this picture of children as being more enthusiastic and confident towards life instead of being dull and dependent. "Children's Relationships and Interactions Within a System" Schooling involves paying attention to each child individually with respect to their behaviour with their family, other mates, their teachers, their surroundings, and their society. "The Rights of Children, Parents and Teachers" All children have their own rights of getting worthy care and proper schooling which could further enhance their prospective and abilities. "Parents have the right to be involved in the life of the school; teachers have the right to grow professionally." "The Value of Relationships and Interactions of Children in Small Groups" Children get this chance to work along with their teachers and in a form of huge cluster of children, or a small one, or as an individual. Teachers are supposed to choose that which type of grouping is suitable for each child depending on the type of project and work assigned to children, children's interest in the project, and the duration of time taken by them to complete the task. The teachers play a vital role while making children work in small groups in order to make children comprehend their tasks better. "Cooperation and Collaboration as the Backbone of the System" Collaboration between all elders in the educational institute should be inclusive of asking questions about various things, sharing their views, and developing a trust in each other. For the sake of achieving this goal, all teachers should pay close attention towards children, enquire about their interests and explore their knowledge and ideas.

Thursday, July 25, 2019

E-marketing in UK Private Hospitals Dissertation

E-marketing in UK Private Hospitals - Dissertation Example This research will aim on providing an insight about application of e-marketing in the healthcare sector of UK. In present days, internet has become one of the major trends in business and is being used widely in several sectors. Internet not only offers free exchange of information, but is also emerging as one of the dominant networks for business marketing. In the current era, internet facilities are observed to deliver various new opportunities for businesses, especially in terms of marketing communication. The online consumers can enjoy ranges of products or services in more reasonable prices and in more convenient manner. Today, E-marketing gives consumers an opportunity to gather information and choose the right product or services at the right time. Therefore, several new entrepreneurs as well as existing small and medium size enterprises are nowadays exploring the e-marketing services in order to improve their business operations and discover the new business opportunities. I n service sector such as health care industry, financial establishments, hospitality and tourism industry are now using the e-marking extensively. The use of internet for collecting information has already become much significant in healthcare sector and will probably become more vital in upcoming days. The extensive Information and Communication Technology (ICT) movement reveals changing demands on the healthcare industry with societal transformation, with rising life anticipation, with shifting form of illness, and with altering scientific competencies (Marrow, n.d.). In present days, the e-marketing, in hospitals of UK had observed impressive growth. Several hospitals in the UK have initiated ICT in order to cope up with other businesses. The consumers are becoming ever more comfortable with uses of internet technology and are also purchasing ranges of products and services through it. Likewise, huge numbers of consumers are using internet in order to gain information about medic al and health (Sanchez, 2000). In contrast with other organisations, hospitals in UK are experiencing a rapid knowledge about using ICT. Traditionally, the use of internet as marketing in the healthcare industry was limited due to lack of knowledge about its advantages. Though these limitations have not ended yet, but hospitals in UK are now becoming more open-minded and conscious about the possible paybacks they can gain by using internet as marketing tool. Besides, implementation of internet as marketing in other industry had also contributed to this trend in hospital organisations. Even though for small organisations are unable to bear the expense of using E-marketing, but several large hospitals in the UK have recognised that the benefit for this expense are great once made-up. Similarly, several private hospitals are developing good websites which can increase brand awareness, raise productivities and also to some extent save cost in other extents of business (Sanchez, 2000). 1 .2. Problem Statement Presently, the healthcare industry is witnessing enormous challenges because of continuous increase in public demands. Private hospitals are under great stress of continuous improvement of services to the rising patients, habitually with insufficient funds. The hospitals are much cognisant about using e-marketing compared to other industries. However, the enormous challenges of hospitals relate to better productivity to exploit inadequate funds and

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Retail Purchasing and Supply Chain ( about Zara ) read the case study Essay

Retail Purchasing and Supply Chain ( about Zara ) read the case study and answer the questions 1 and 2 - Essay Example The buying decision process at Zara Zara produces wears for the global consumer market; thus, the need to understand the buying process towards the fashion offers becomes a necessity in order to ensure that all programs target the needs of the consumer (Evans, et al 2004, p. 23). The garment store establishes that the emerging trends in the consumer market pose the feeling of deprivation as the female gender seeks to match with the prevailing trends in the market. For example, the company recognizes that the consumers realize that there is need to access the most current fashion on seeing other influential characters wear the item. In most cases, Zara depicts the consumer needs through fashion advertisements in the television media and analyzes that there could be relative consumer needs in the global market (Pahl and Mohring, 2008, p. 40). Therefore, Zara establishes consumer need recognition as the first approach the consumers take towards the company’s programs. Zara unders tands that consumers search for the right information concrning the emerging fashion trends. The company establishes that different sources of information may serve to deviate or enhance consumer knowledge and understanding; thus, the best initiative that the company establishes should focus on availing effective information (Evans, et al., 2004, p. 30). Zara creates an informative flow that affects efficiency in reaching the customers at the right time. The company depends on online and television advertisements to relay information to the consumers at a critical time, when the consumer seeks for the available fashions as advertised in the television shows. In response to the growing consumer anxiety to access information, Zara designs relevant fashions and distributes them throughout the chain stores while ensuring effective advertisement of the offer. This aspect tames consumer loyalty; thus, with the emergence of new fashion trends, the fashion consumer segments tend to search i nformation on Zara’s line of offer (Toru, 2007, p. 12). The clothing company researches and implements that the fashion business does not eradicate the problem of evaluation of alternatives as consumers seek to access the best offers out of the emerging trends (Rosenbloom, 2009, p. 70). Information linkages are turning the world into a global market place, and thus the consumer gains access to an effective criterion of assessing the value preposition of a trend over another. Zara establishes the aspect that the global consumer may vary its products with those of the H&M and other close competitors. However, this fails to yield consequential pressure over the company based on the delivery criteria (Evans, et al., 2004, p. 34). Although this is not a dependant aspect in marketing, Zara improves it through ensuring quality and progressive innovation, which controls all perceptions of the global consumer to assume that Zara offers the desired products duly and to the anticipated status. Consumers seem to establish different buying decisions with effect to their distinct perceptions towards products. The fashion market depicts convergence in the buying decisions as outweighing the differences. For example, the Zara company outlets tend to offer standardized products in the different countries they operate

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

The theory and application of auction theory in context to British car Essay

The theory and application of auction theory in context to British car auctions (BCA) - Essay Example These were informal forms of auctioning. Though this may sound absurd, they indeed held the basic principles of the aims and objectives of auctions that we have today. Today, auctions are specially organised as a system of trade for a number of aims and objectives including the ones listed below. 1. To ensure that only serious minded investors approach trading products and services 2. To create best value for products and services that are being traded 3. To ensure and enhance openness with the terms of sale of products and services to the public 4. To help bidders have a fair idea of their rates as compared to other bidders 5. To speed up the trading off process of a given product or service. Because auction is a universal or global practice, it is associated with a number of generalised assumptions that have been accepted even in academic cycles. These general assertions on auction have come to be known as auction theories and they come in different forms and types. Four of these are briefly explained below with examples. Ascending Auction: As the name suggests, there is ascension in the price of the product and the ascension is determined and commissioned by the auctioneer. Commonly known as the British auction, the auctioneer ‘separates the boys from the men’ (reduces the number of bidders) by increasing the price of the product. ... These were informal forms of auctioning. Though this may sound absurd, they indeed held the basic principles of the aims and objectives of auctions that we have today. Today, auctions are specially organised as a system of trade for a number of aims and objectives including the ones listed below. 1. To ensure that only serious minded investors approach trading products and services 2. To create best value for products and services that are being traded 3. To ensure and enhance openness with the terms of sale of products and services to the public 4. To help bidders have a fair idea of their rates as compared to other bidders 5. To speed up the trading off process of a given product or service. Establish and explain main assumptions of auction theory Types of Auction Because auction is a universal or global practice, it is associated with a number of generalised assumptions that have been accepted even in academic cycles. These general assertions on auction have come to be known as au ction theories and they come in different forms and types. Four of these are briefly explained below with examples. Ascending Auction: As the name suggests, there is ascension in the price of the product and the ascension is determined and commissioned by the auctioneer. Commonly known as the British auction, the auctioneer ‘separates the boys from the men’ (reduces the number of bidders) by increasing the price of the product. By so doing, bidders will keep falling off the bidding proceed in order that the opportunity will come to rest with only one bidder, who for the sake of the increasing nature of the bid would come to be known as the highest bidder. This is a prominent form of auction as the Auctus Development Incorporated (2009) notes

Monday, July 22, 2019

Personal Training Case Scenario Essay Example for Free

Personal Training Case Scenario Essay Please type your response in paper format, double spaced. Paper should include questions and detailed answers and should be 6-8 pages in length. Citing is not necessary as it will be assumed that all of the information obtained will be from the NSCA Essentials of Personal Training text. Papers will be due April 19th and will be 20% of your grade. You have just been contacted via telephone by Jane Doe, a 40 year old female who would like to meet with you to discuss the possibilities of obtaining your personal training services. Please describe the consultation process that you will use. (Client-trainer compatibility should be a main component here). Jane Doe called me on the phone one day while I was at the Community Center working at the help desk. We set up the initial interview for the following day. The importance of the initial interview is for the personal trainer and the client to assess compatibility, develop goals, and establish a client-trainer agreement. When Jane first arrives for the interview I will provide a description of the services available and that I can provide her. I will explain to her that I am certified through the National Strength and Conditioning Association as of May 2012 and I have completed an Essentials of Personal Training class for credit at Northern Michigan University. I will explain to her the mission statement of the Community Center (mission statement of NSCA is to unify members and facilitate a professional exchange of ideas in strength development as it relates to the improvements of athletic performance and fitness) unique features to the program, and where and when services are available. I will then need to evaluate her readiness for fitness by assessing her level of motivation and commitment. I will ask her to discuss her past experience with exercise, time management skills, and possible obstacles that would prevent her from meeting with me. I would have her complete an attitudinal assessment which helps me understand her relationship with fitness. It is also important for me to explain for her and to understand roles, r esources, expectations and boundaries of the program. I will try to get an understanding in what kind of training that Jane is interested in and if I think that my abilities would allow us to make a good match. After establishing compatibility I would discuss with Jane her goals and objectives as it relates to motivation. I would help explain that developing specific goals are important that they are able to be measurable, realistic, and time sensitive. If her idea in losing weight is 15 pounds a week, I will have to explain to her that it is simply not a realistic goal, because a more fitting objective would be 1-2 pounds per week. After establishing goals, a very important part of the initial interview is the client-trainer agreement. I will then present Jane with a written document describing the services, people involved, expectations of those people, cost structure and payment process. It will also include termination policy and other issues that may be pressing. I would give J ane the document and ask her to read it so she understands everything and we would discuss it thoroughly so there is no miscommunication; once it is signed by both of us it becomes valid. After meeting with Jane, she has decided she would like you to be her personal trainer. You have scheduled a fitness assessment with Jane for the following day. Please describe what information you will need to tell her to so that she is prepared for the assessment. I will let Jane know that the purpose of the assessment is to gather baseline data and provide a basis for developing goals and effective exercise programs. I want to choose tests that will match with her goals. I will tell Jane to dress in comfortable athletic clothing and to wear appropriate tennis shoes. I will make sure that before she comes to the fitness assessment that she needs to make sure she gets adequate rest, that she stays hydrated throughout the day and brings water with her, and that if she eats it should be at least a c ouple hours before our meeting. Her goals are: * Lose 30 pounds * Decrease body fat * Increase overall health * Increase muscular strength and endurance * Increase mobility * Increased cardiovascular capacity * Better eating habits Jane has arrived for her assessment. Which paperwork will you complete with her and why? Based on her goals, which fitness tests will you perform? Will nutrition advice be included in your assessment process? Why or why not? Some paperwork I will have Jane complete is a health appraisal screening. This is to help identify known diseases and possible risk factors associated with coronary artery disease and question if Jane may need medical referral before starting the exercise program. I would have Jane fill out a Par-Q (physical activity readiness questionnaire) form which identifies if individuals are healthy enough to start training or if they need additional medical attention. Another form I would have her fill out is the health/medical questionnaire. This form identifies any diseases, personal medical history, health concerns, medication and lifestyle management. I would then proceed to ask Jane questions to gather a lifestyle inventory so I can understand some of her daily habits and figure if she has any behaviors that are positively or negatively impacting her health. I would ask questions about her diet, stress management, physical activity, and sleep pattern. I would then give Jane a document on informed consent which gives her information about the content and process of the program delivery. I will evaluate all this information and collect all the paperwork and keep it in a personal file for Jane Doe so I can keep a record of my client. After filling out paperwork we will began some of the fitness testing. I will start with some of the rest tests (blood pressure and resting heart rate) first, because if Jane wants to improve her cardiovascular capacity and overall health, it is important to take note of how her exercise affects her blood pressure (exercise is proven to lower BP) and if her resting heart rate decreases after the program (that would mean the program was effective). To asses her body fat and weight I would perform two body composition tests on Jane to make the assessment more valid. I would use the waist to hip ratio, and then I would perform the skinfold test because it directly measures thickness of fat tissue. This test is valid and can be reliably measu red properly and this test you can easily see results. I would use waist to hip ratio instead of body mass index because that is not always accurate and it doesn’t account for muscle weight (muscle weighs more than fat). After the resting tests I would have Jane move on to some flexibility tests for reasons that she wants to increase her mobility. I would have Jane perform a sit and reach test because it measures hip and low back flexibility. Since Jane wants to increase her muscular strength and endurance, I will have her complete the muscular strength test last so it won’t tire her out before the muscular endurance tests. I will have her perform the one-minute sit-up test because it measures abdominal strength and hip flexor muscle groups. I will also have her perform the push-up test because it uses her own body weight. For muscular strength I will have her complete a 1-repetitions maximum bench press and leg press to see where her maximum strength is in her arms and legs. To asses for cardiovascular endurance, I will have Jane complete the YMCA step test because it measures the heart rate recovery response immediately after the test. I will also have Jane complete the Rockport walking test which estimates the VO2 max for older men and women and it requires only walking at a fast pace. I will give general nutrition a dvice to Jane to address misinformation and advice as it relates to physical performance, disease prevention, weight loss and weight gain. I can refer Jane to a dietician if I believe she has a disease state affected by her eating, but I should only give information on nutrition after assessing Jane’s diet, and I can give her recommendations that can match to Jane’s dietary goals. I can help asses Jane’s diet through dietary recall, diet history, and ask her to keep a diet record. I am not certified to prescribe anything to Jane, but if I recognize more complicated nutrition issues, I am only here to guide her diet, be a source of credible information, and refer her to someone when necessary. During the assessment, Jane explains to you that she suffers from anxiety, stress and mild depression. How will you educate her regarding exercise and its effects on these conditions? I will explain to Jane that the benefits of exercise are endless and that there is evidenc e that participation in physical activity has significant mental health benefits, which include a reduction in anxiety and depression, decreased reactivity to psychological stress, and enhanced cognition. Many workout routines for continuous periods of time can be relaxing, and many routines are rhythmic which can be calming to the central nervous system and this can cause a quieting of the cognitive activity associated with anxiety or stress. Along with anxiety, research evidence consistently reveals that physical exercise yields significant effects for men and women who suffer from depression and less severe forms. Exercise offers an appropriate and effective means of coping and feeling better, while also increasing ones overall health. When exercising, your brain releases serotonin (neurotransmitter with antidepressant effects) and the levels are elevated during and following the activity. Being socially interactive that occurs in an exercise setting or forming a sense of accomplishment after a workout makes people feel a sense of independence and decreased feelings of helplessness. Therefore, being physically active not only helps you to look better, but it helps to make you feel better on the inside as well. Explain to Jane some of the resistance and aerobic training adaptations she can expect to see as a result of her training program. Why would it be important to someone starting an exercise program to understand these training adaptations? Acute responses to exercises are changes that occur in the body during and shortly after an exercise bout. And chronic responses to exercise are changes in the body that occur after repeated training bouts and persist long after the training session is over. During the initial phases of resistance training there is a dramatic increase in the activation of motor units and improvements in strength are due to neural adaptations. Resistance training leads to muscle hypertrophy but it is usually not measured until 8-12 weeks after the beginning of the program. A lot of neurological responses, muscular and endocrine changes will be seen in resistance adaptation. An example of a neurological change would be the number of motor units recruited. An endocrine change includes an increase in epinephrine which increases fat and carb breakdown by the cell for more ATP (energy) production. Some chronic adaptations include after about 1-2 months most strength increases due to hypertrophy and skill of movement. Women tend to build stronger and thicker bones and high volume resistance training may induce glycolitic enzymatic adaptations that increase muscle endurance. Resistance training programs increase fat-free mass, improving body composition. Resistance training programs increase metabolic rate, due to the high metabolic activity of muscle. The effects of aerobic exercise are regulated by the intensity, frequency, and duration of the activity. If one exercises at a greater heart rate, then the training adaptation will be greater. Heart rate and stroke volume increases because the cardiac output is increased, yet the heart also becomes stronger in size because it has to pump more blood (decreased resting heart rate). The energy systems in t he body also become better at producing energy and stored energy in the form of fat is utilized during aerobic training which leads to a change in body composition. Body increases the available fuel sources as well as the enzymes responsible for utilizing those fuel sources. The respiratory changes include increased lung capacity and blood flow. It is appropriate to know this so the client won’t over train or detraining. Changes are the exact opposite of what occurs during training programs. Some common markers for overtraining include decreased performance, decreased body fat, decreased maximum oxygen uptake, increased muscle soreness and increased sympathetic stress response among other things. It is important for Jane to recognize the changes her body will be making as a result of exercise so she can see improvement and stay motivated. During your assessment, you find the following: * Height: 62 inches * Weight: 180 lbs. * Body Fat: 30% * Blood pressure: 138/85 mmHg * Resting HR: 70 * Upper body endurance: average * Lower body endurance: poor * Rockport walk test 18 minutes * Sit and reach: 16 inches Jane has committed to training with you two days per week and three times on her own. Based on your fitness testing and her stated goals, what will be some of the short-term and long-term goals you will set at the end of the assessment? Why is it important to set goals? What are some important characteristics of goal setting? Goals are important to set because they keep the client motivated to not only work out with the trainer but also make sure they are making the program effective by working out on their own too. It is important to have something to work towards because there is always room for improvement and once achieved, setting a goal gives you a sense of accomplishment. Some easy goals I would first start out with are that Jane commits to show up to train with me two days a week for at least one month, three on her own, and that she aim to work out 5 days a week total. Another short-term goal is that Jane aim to lose about a pound a week. A long-term goal for Jane would be to have a 10% reduction in body weight at the end of 6 months, so her goal would be to lose 18 pounds in 6 months. According to Jane’s BMI she falls in the class one obesity, and has a very high blood pressure which puts her at risk for heart disease and diabetes, so it would be an important goal to drop her blood pressure to about 130/85 at the end of 6 months. Her Rockport walk test also fell in the range of poor so a long-term goal would be to get her time down to 14 minutes instead of 18 which would help improve her Vo2 max which ultimately helps increase her cardiovascular capacity and aerobic endurance. A short term goal would be to drop about 12 seconds off of her time each week. Some general goals would be to increase her upper and lower b ody muscular strength and endurance. A nutritional goal I will first start out for Jane is to eat a healthy breakfast every morning after she wakes up and to drink at least six cups of water every day. A long-term goal is to eventually have Jane eat 2-3 cups of fruit and veggies, 5 ounces of lean/low-fat meat and poultry, 3 ounces of whole grains, and about 3 cups of low/non-fat dairy every day (recommendations are referenced from choosemyplate.gov). Some characteristics of goal setting include that they should be specific, measureable, and observable. It’s important to clearly identify time constraints. By beginning with goals that are simple to achieve, the personal trainer can create a sense of achievement and self-confidence for the client so they can eventually make their goals more challenging. Goals should be recorded, monitored, and evaluated. Short-term goals should be set first to achieve long-term goals, and they should also be prioritized so the most important one s are first. Describe your resistance training program in detail and why you have chosen this plan for this specific client. Jane is a beginner when it comes to resistance training. Topics to include are: Since Jane is a beginner in resistance training I will have her meet with me for an over an hour on Mondays and Thursdays. Her main goal is muscular endurance so I will alternate the upper and lower body exercises. Bench Press (free weight) 2 sets x 15 reps at 50 pounds Leg Press (pivot based machine) 2 sets x 15 reps at 140 pounds Seated row (cam based machine) 2 sets x 15 reps at 30 pounds Leg curl (cam based machine) 2 sets x 15 reps at 20 pounds Shoulder press (cam based machine) 2 sets x 15 reps at 15 pounds Squat (FW) 2 sets x 15 reps (try without any weights and then slowly add bar or dumbbells) Bicep curl (FW) 2 sets x 15 reps at 30 pounds Standing calf raise 2 sets x 15 reps Triceps pushdown (pivot based machine) 2 sets x 15 reps at 15 pounds Stability ball abdominal crunch 2 sets x 15 reps * Exercise choice: I used a mixture of free weights and machine based exercises because Jane is a beginner. The core exercises I chose are bench press, leg press, squats, seated row, and shoulder press because those work major muscle groups. The assistance exercises are leg curl, biceps curl, calf raises, triceps pushdown and abdominal crunches which work small muscle groups. * Frequency: Because Jane is a beginner, she is only meeting with me two times a week and I want to make sure she has proper form when weight training so I would prefer she did her resistance exercises with me in the gym so I can coach her. The days are spaced out evenly so Jane has enough recovery time in between. * Order: It is important to alternate upper body and lower body exercises so that Jane doesn’t get too fatigued. She will complete one set of each exercise and then repeat because muscular endurance goals call for between 2-3 sets. * Load: Because Jane is a beginner I used percent of body-weigh t testing protocol for a guideline. Her weight is 180 pounds but I used the maximum 140 pounds as an average to get a good idea on how much weight she should be lifting. I used table 15.5 to help with body weight factors and used the calculation to estimate how much weight Jane should be lifting. * Repetitions: Because Jane’s goal is muscular endurance it is important to do 2-3 sets within 12-15 repetitions to get good results. * Volume: (total number of repetitions times the weight lifted per repetition) If I calculated all the repetitions times the weight lifted in a given day, Jane is lifting around over 5000 pounds. * Variation: Jane is only working out with me for two days out of the week and the only variation I will use is alternating upper body and lower body. * Progression: 2-for-2 rule: if a client can complete two more repetitions than the repetition goal in the final set for two consecutive training sessions then I will add on more weight depending on the exercise and the amount of weight Jane can lift in the first place. Jane is inexperienced in weight training so for every exercise I show her how do it first and then see if she can do it with no weight. Then I will add on a third of the set weight and have her do 12 reps and then if she can complete that with proper form then I will have her complete the actual exercise. After about two weeks I will start progressing Jane and adding more weight so she can slowly increase and improve her performance. After a few months I will slowly increase the frequency and exercise choice to add variation so Jane’s muscles don’t get used to the same workouts and to also see improvement. Describe your cardiovascular plan in detail and why you have chosen this plan for this specific clien t. Topics to include are: When Jane meets with me on Mondays and Thursdays I will also have her do some aerobics but a light workout because those are also the days she will be lifting. * Exercise mode: On Mondays Jane will be on the machine (treadmill) and then on Thursdays the bike. On the treadmill Jane will be walking, and on the bike Jane will be biking. On Wednesdays and Saturdays Jane will not be using a machine she will just be walking, and then she will use stairs at her home to do stair stepping. On Sundays Jane will be doing stretching and flexibility exercises. * Exercise intensity: Jane’s maximum heart rate is 190 bpm. Her HRR is 120. Because one of Jane’s main goals is to lose weight and burn fat, she should aim to be in the fitness zone which targets fat burning and her heart rate target should be 114-133 bpm. Since Jane is still a beginner, her exercises should be low to moderate intensity, she should still be able to hold a conversation and talk while exercising. * Exercise duration: 20-30 min for five days a week is a good goal to have for Jane. Although on the days she meets with me on Mondays and Thursdays her aerobic exercise will only be duration of 10 minutes so she doesn’t become too fatigued. On Wednesdays and Saturday s Jane will walk for 20 min and do stair stepping for 10 min for a total workout of 30 min. * Exercise progression: After a few months and losing weight and after Jane becomes more experienced, I will evaluate her and one of her goals will be to slowly move to the aerobic zone and her target heart rate will become 133-152 bpm. Every two weeks I will add five minutes to her walking time on Wednesdays and Saturdays so in two weeks instead of walking for 20 min she will be walking for 25 min and so on. I will also increase the intensity at which Jane walks on the treadmill and bikes on the bike by very small increments every two weeks. * Which types of aerobic training programs will you choose? Why? Jane’s goal here is weight loss and aerobic improvement, so progression is a very important component to this aerobic training program. Because Jane is still a beginner and needs to improve her Rockport Walking Test score, I chose walking as a main exercise. Using the treadmill at the gym will help give Jane an idea as to what pace and intensity she should be walking at so it makes it easier for her to walk on her own. I also chose biking because cycling is also a good way to get your heart rate up and improve your cardiovascular endurance. On her days not at the gym I also chose for Jane to do stair steppi ng because she can easily do it at her home and it is also a good activity to get your heart rate up and it works on coordination, leg muscles, and improves cardiovascular endurance. On Sundays Jane should have an easier day but it is still important for her to stretch and work on flexibility. Some exercises I will have her do include lunge walk, butterfly, arm circles, side lunges, behind neck and back stretch, semi straddle, wall stretch, and walking knee tuck. It is important for Jane to get her blood flowing before performing any stretches and for every workout it is also important that Jane have a five minute warm-up and cool down. I will show Jane how to do each stretch and then I will give her a sheet that explains and gives pictures and a specific order on how to do them so she can perform them on her own. Jane would like to set up an exercise area at her home. What are some SPECIFIC guidelines and recommendations you could give her regarding which equipment to purchase and the logistics of setting up an exercise area? Some guidelines and recommendations I would give Jane regarding setting up an exercise area in her home would include that it is imperative that any exercise equipment purchased will fit into the home (think about ceiling height, door width, space of room). Cost is an important factor, and the equipment should not be kept out of sight because this might hinder the client being motivated to work out. The safety issues of a home exercise area includes keeping children and pets away from electrical outlets, running treadmills, free weights, bike pedals etc. A see-through gate around the area is always a good idea for a safer environment. When the equipment is not in use it should be turned off or locked or disabled or put into a different room. Other factors to think of are available electricity outlets and their safety, adequat e lighting, air circulation, mirrors, and protective flooring and celling. All the equipment should be placed along the perimeter of the room close to the walls. Another thing to consider is to allow 25 to 49 square feet for activities such as aerobic dancing, free body weights etc. It is also good to think about allowing enough space for a TV, DVD player, or music system for exercise tapes or listening to music. A home exercise facility that has good lighting and air circulation, and good entertainment is more desirable to work out in. How would your overall approach to the program change if Jane was 30 years old and 3 months pregnant? If Jane were three months pregnant there are definitely some different guidelines that I would use to be cautionary and safe. First and foremost I would check with her healthcare provider to make sure that exercising would be safe and beneficial to Jane. After the first trimester I would not have Jane lie in any supine position for any exercises and I would have her use more weight machines because it changes the center of gravity, but non-weight bearing activities are favored because this would reduce the risk of injury and body weight is always an effective way of working out. I would adjust the program according to avoid training at high levels of fatigue and be careful with balance and agility exercises. I would avoid any activity that would increase the risk of falling or trauma to the abdomen. 30 minutes or more of moderate exercise is very beneficial for most days of the week and abdominal and pelvic floor strength is emphasized. Large increases in body temperature should be minimized as well. I would definitely still have Jane continue her walking and stair stepping and most of her stretches. I would decrease the amount of weight she would be lifting for her resistance training and I would get rid of any of the lifts where she has to lie down. I would make sure she didn’t become too fatigued and I would closely m onitor for proper form.

Identity Essay Example for Free

Identity Essay Often times we will hear phrases like, â€Å"loss of identity† or â€Å"identity crisis†. What many people never stop to think about is what â€Å"identity† means. Generally identity can be taken to refer to specifications of a person, personal conception and expression or group expression and affiliation. According to the Merriam Webster dictionary identity carries the following meaning; the distinguishing character and personality of an individual or individuality. Everyone has an identity which they hold dear to them. Identity could be of various types; it could be individuality, racial, gender, political among others. In psychology identity relates to self image or an individual’s mental model of himself or herself. In other word it is relates to self-esteem and individuality. This is the most critical aspect of identity. Self-esteem is an important contribute rot overall well-being of all people. Self esteem is the opinion one has of himself or herself. It is without a doubt that the environment we develop in and the experiences we go through shape our opinion of ourselves and therefore determine our self-esteem. A high self-esteem is when one has a good opinion of himself or herself. Low self-esteem is when one has a bad opinion of himself or herself. Low self-esteem is like a cancer that keeps eating at ones confidence and sense of accomplishment. When one has low self-esteem then often times that person’s everyday life will be affected in that that person begins to accomplish less, kind of like a self-fulfilling prophecy. This is because that person sees himself o herself as unable to achieve compared to other or unreliable or even less attractive compared to others. As a result of this attitude the person’s behavior will almost always reflect this attitude and end up bringing the results that the person expected, failure an underachievement. A positive identity or self-esteem on the other hand will almost always lead one to success. Like an image I once saw on the internet of a cat that was starring into a mirror and what was reflected was a lion! Just like that cat a person with appositive identity will always see himself or herself as capable of overcoming any challenge that comes across his or her way. This attitude goes a long way to ensuring that this person achieves success, think of Lance Armstrong who in spite of being diagnosed with testicular cancer went on to win the Tour de France seven times and founded the Lance Armstrong Foundation (Armstrong Jenkins, pg 10). Another aspect to identity is cultural identity. Cultural identity here covers, racial identity, and religious identity. There is nothing wrong with racial or religious identity as long as it does not border discrimination. However often times we find ourselves so engrossed with our racial or religious identities so that we often unconsciously favor those who identify with our identities and discriminate against those who are of a different racial or religious identity. As an international student I can attest to the truth of this as quite often I have been looked down upon simply for having a different cultural identity. There has been a rise in an â€Å"us’ versus â€Å"them† mentality among non-Muslims and Muslims in the United States, especially following the September 11 terrorist attacks. It is sad to see people who once lived unrestricted by religious identities go to the level of phobia. People should learn push beyond these stereotypes that paint people of other religious and racial identities as inferior or evil. We are the entire human race; black, brown, white Christian, Muslim, Buddhist or Atheist, we are all human beings. We should therefore love one another and appreciate our difference because it is what brings variety into our world. Identity refers to an individual’s opinion of himself or a distinguishing character or personality in the person. A positive identity can go along way in ensuring success in a person’s life, while a negative identity does the opposite. It is therefore important that we cultivate appositive identity for ourselves. Cultural identity is also another aspect. I have learnt that it is important that we appreciate our varying cultural identities and that we foster love and cooperation instead of discrimination and phobia.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Economic, Environmental And Social Impacts Of Tourism

Economic, Environmental And Social Impacts Of Tourism Tourism is one of the largest and most dynamic international sectors. Its rapid growth, evolving infrastructure, foreign currency flows, and the introduction of advanced management techniques have influenced numerous sectors positively by contributing to social and economic development. Negative impacts Positive impacts Social Foreign influence may cause society to lose values and traditions. Locals may have their privacy invaded. Creates new job opportunities Helps implement modern ideologies. Travel helps society on a psychological level as it gives people a degree of freedom of movement. Bringing foreign expertise to the destination through conferences, therefore strengthening ties. Developing intercultural understanding Developing friendships Environmental Tourism transportation harms the environment of the destinations of origin and arrival, and pollutes during transit. Harms the destinations appeal to foreigners. Tourism may give national authorities the incentive to safeguard the environment. Economic Pollution causes strain on the national health care system, which may increase government deficit and long term debt. Local economy may suffer because of competition from other emerging destinations. Allocation of funds may be directed towards pleasing tourists rather than pleasing long-term residents. Creates employment which adds to government taxation revenue. Financial gain by stakeholders. Tourisms actual and potential impact is astounding; however such impact is not purely positive. For almost every positive impact, there happens to be a negative one. These may be subdivided into economic, environmental and social impacts, as tabulated below: Society Social contact between tourists and locals may make way for cultural appreciation through understanding, tolerance and awareness. As tourism contributes to beneficial developments in sectors such as education, why not embrace it and ensure that people continue to visit? The human aspect is crucial for the success of any tourism product. Tourists enjoy speaking to locals, and locals should be open to discourse with tourists to add value to their experience. If local culture is the base for attracting tourists to the area, it gives added incentive to preserve the local traditions and crafts which are typical to that area. In certain localities of the Maltese islands, tourists contribute significantly to the preservation of local crafts such as glass blowing and lace, as well as the maintenance of important historical monuments and structures. Although it is fortunate that tourism drives national organisations to preserve historical artifacts and monuments, it is unfortunate to know that little would be done if it were not for tourism. To maximise the positive social impacts, foreigners and locals alike must be educated. Locals must be made aware that they must care for their belongings and surroundings, and respect other cultures to make their destination more attractive on a physical and social level. On the other hand, foreigners must also be educated to ensure that they respect the traditions, cultures and surroundings of host communities. As a result of the lack of awareness amongst tourists, the fortified city of Mdina in Malta is very much disturbed by tourists. It is home to just over one hundred people, but is visited by hundreds of people on a daily basis, often running into the thousands during the summer months. The city has become such a popular attraction that the local people are beginning to feel commoditised. As a result they are developing negative attitudes towards tourists. This concept is know as Greenwashing. Greenwashing refers to the commoditisation of indigenous residents and natural surroundings, creating severe social problem. Residents are often subject to invasion of privacy as tourists fail to respect their daily lives, often gazing into peoples houses, and on many occasions, entering them to take a few quick photos. On the other hand, tourism is often beneficial in helping relatively conservative societies become more open to the world. This is the case in certain regions of Libya for instance, where state leaders have recently given the go ahead for the development of numerous sea side resorts along the coasts, as well as eco-touristic areas. As a result, Libyans may become more open to foreigners in the long run. Even though these plans have been opposed to by numerous nationals, it was done for the long term benefit of the country. During the 1980s, the Libyans were very much resistant to the changes proposed by their leaders. Foreign observers believed that the heads of states were in for a difficult time trying to convince the public of the need for social change. The importance of travel must also be pushed within companies, as it not only broadens ones perspectives but it can also help people become more productive. Travel for leisure is proven to improve psychological health by reducing stress levels. Leave from work is now obligatory in most countries around the world, simply because of the importance of leisure time. Another benefit of tourism on the structure of society may be the introduction of foreign expertise to the destination, which in turn may improve the skills of the local workforce. Foreign experts may visit a destination for conferences, through which they can develop or strengthen relationships with local entrepreneurs. As a result of such relationships, travel has given companies the possibilities to form partnerships or join affiliate programs with overseas companies. The distinctiveness of a destination is instrumental to its success, so national government or international agencies must ensure that the necessary systems are in place to avoid any sense of placelessness. Placelessness is a concept coined by E. Relph which states that places become more and more similar to each other due to globalisation. Although this may seem farfetched to some, it is still a probable scenario in the future as the world becomes even more connected. National and local governments must therefore do their utmost to promote the unique identity of the destination. For instance, Malta is the only island of its size to have its very own official language which is not spoken anywhere else in the world. Over the years Malta has been significantly influenced by foreigners, however, many of its traditions have remained intact, such as the local village feasts and the traditional Maltese folk music called ghana. However, while presenting a culture to tourists may help preserve the culture, it can also dilute or even destroy it. Local communities must therefore present traditions in their purest forms, without excessive tampering. Although the European Unions aim is to create a strong network between European countries, it strongly believes that each country must safeguard its own traditions to remain appealing. Environment The excessive development of a resource can lead to numerous negative impacts such as overdevelopment and loss of natural habitats. From an ecological point of view, some people may see tourism as the more acceptable industry. They may say that it is a lot less damaging than deforestation or overfishing, for instance, which may be true. However, those people who analyse tourism closely from all perspectives will notice that tourism does cause a significant amount of damage to the natural environment. Tourists tend to leave behind a trail of environmental degradation in the form of litter, from the excessive use of water in their hotel rooms, leaving lights on after they leave their rooms, to the burning of fossil fuels when making use of transportation to and from their final destination, as well as within it. It is well known that the tourism industry is not only made up of direct players, but also indirect players, and these play a significant part in polluting the environment. Another important factor to consider is the fact that certain localities can only accommodate a limited amount of people at a time. This concept is known as carrying capacity. Mathieson and Wall (1982) defined the tourism carrying capacity as The maximum number of people who can use a site without an unacceptable alteration in the physical environment and without unacceptable decline in the quality of experience gained by visitors. To ensure the longevity of certain attractions, carrying capacity guidelines must be respected and evaluated to ensure that little harm is caused. Although restricting the number of entrants into a facility may infringe upon profitability, in certain scenarios it is more valuable to protect something unique than to exhaust it. Advancements in environmentally friendly technologies are well underway, and numerous airline manufacturers are designing more fuel efficient aircraft which fall within emissions guidelines. Land transportation is also becoming increasingly environmentally friendly with the introduction of hybrid as well as all electric vehicles, and more fuel efficient fossil fuelled vehicles. US President Barack Obama is setting a big example by wanting all public transportation within the New York area to be environmentally friendly within the next few years. Tourism in Libya is on the rise, bringing increased demand for hotel accommodation and for capacity at airports such as Tripoli International. A multi-million dollar renovation of Libyan airports has recently been approved by the government to help meet such demands. At present 130,000 people visit the country annually; the Libyan government hopes to increase this figure to 10,000,000 tourists. Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi, the second-eldest son of Muammar al-Gaddafi, is involved in a green development project called the Green Mountain Sustainable Development Area, which seeks to bring tourism to Cyrene and to preserve Greek ruins in the area. Economy Minimise the negative impacts- Economic The introduction of environmentally friendly transportation systems would reduce health risks, therefore cutting health care costs for national government. This would cause less strain on the economic system. Ensure that local markets are up to date and can compete with foreign markets. Organisations must be dynamic and adaptable to rapid change. Maximise positive impacts- Economic -Promoting a countrys most popular assets will create employment as new business ventures may begin and new job positions will be made available as a result. The government must promote its destination as a secure place for investment, therefore increasing financial gain for stakeholders. Government must improve the state of the environment and make it more appealing to tourists.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

The Use of Isolation in Two Fairy Tales Essay -- Literature Writing Li

The Use of Isolation in Two Fairy Tales The social evolution from the Enlightenment to the Romantic Age altered the usage of reason in literature by instituting elements of imagination and mysticism. Likewise, the usages of certain concepts in literature can reflect social attitudes of the author’s environment. One such concept that is common to both Ludwig Tieck’s â€Å"Fair-Haired Eckbert† and Wilhelm Wackenroder’s â€Å"A Wondrous Oriental Fairy Tale of a Naked Saint† is the isolation of characters. Isolation, as the cause, or simply as an indicator, of suffering in these two literary fairy tales is a notion that is successfully used to dictate the spiritual fates of the characters in each story. There are several manifestations of isolation as the cause of suffering in â€Å"Fair-Haired Eckbert†. The first manifestation is literally separation anxiety. Despite the fact that character interactions in this story only lead to trouble, the characters yearn for solidarity with one another. Subsequently, their isolation inevitably leads to misery. After running away from home, Bertha’s lonely voyage is filled with tears and is self-described as â€Å"utterly comfortless,† and she longs â€Å"but to see one [other] human creature† (33). Upon discovering the green valleys that imply potential cohabitants, Bertha claims, â€Å"my loneliness and helplessness no longer frightened me† and she is â€Å"joyfully surprised† (34) to see the old woman. Bertha overcomes the pains of isolation by living with the old woman; however, this relationship soon falls apart and Bertha once again runs away. Bertha voyages â€Å"amid tears and sobs† (39) and stumbles back upon her home town. After finding out her parents had passed away, Bertha â€Å"drew back quickly and left the village ... ... strong religious overtones present in both texts. Isolation is utilized as a cause of suffering for the characters in Tieck’s â€Å"Fair-Haired Eckbert.† It serves as punishment for these characters as a result of bearing the burden of original sin, and thus conveys the pessimistic view of human spirituality as a downward spiral from the Garden of Eden. Conversely, in Wackenroder’s â€Å"A Wondrous Oriental Fairy Tale of a Naked Saint,† the concept of redemption from isolation (the indicator of suffering) represents the optimistic stance of human spirituality as ascension to Heaven. It follows that the dichotomy between isolation as an indicator or the cause of suffering in these two stories reflects the larger dichotomy between optimistic and pessimistic tones taken in Romantic literature, specifically those taken by Tieck and Wackenroder in these two literary fairy tales.

Nuclear Power :: essays research papers

The world's natural resources are being consumed at an alarming rate. As these resources diminish , people will be seeking alternative sources by which to generate electricity for heat and light . The only practical short term solution for the energy-crisis is nuclear power. Nuclear power, however is not as safe as burning coal, gas or oil in a factory it is in fact, much more dangerous, There are dangers associated with a nuclear power plant which far out weigh the benefits to society as a whole and in part to the community living and working around the power plant . About 20 percent of our nation's total electrical consumption per year is supplied by nuclear power from the 100 or so nuclear power plants throughout the country . Even though atomic power has been in use for over 50 years it was primarily a tool of war and destruction when the war ended need for atomic bombs diminished . The scientists who created the weapons were out of jobs . They then turned this destructive power into huge plants generating "clean and cheap " electricity for the country . It was called progress. Progress also brought with it sickness , mutations , cancer and eventually death to those exposed to high levels of radiation . Government declared that nuclear power is safe and efficient . Also have big Oil corporations who have a lot of money invested in nuclear power and want to see as many plants as possible put into and kept in operation . The truth is that accidents do happen at nuclear power plants and at other facilities all the time . An accident at a nuclear power plant has the potential to be much more devastating than an accident at a coal or gas plant because of the radiation that could be released . An example of this is Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania where there was a partial core meltdown in march of 1979 and an "acceptable" amount of radiation escaped into the atmosphere . However no amount of radiation is acceptable if released as a result of an accident at a nuclear power plant . Is Nuclear Power necessary ? Today many Americans adopt lifestyles that are based on energy in-efficient devices . These include large automobiles and electric appliances that require electricity from energy-intense industrial processes . The public is doing all it can to force nuclear power plants

Friday, July 19, 2019

Inclusion of Children with Disabilities Essay -- Education School Spec

Inclusion of Children with Disabilities Along with many other topics of special education, the topic of inclusion has been surrounded by uncertainty and controversy for as long as the concept has been around. This controversy may stem from the fact that inclusion is expensive and experts disagree about how much time disabled students should spend in regular classrooms (Cambanis, 2001). Although this topic is controversial, it cannot be ignored. Inclusion will, at some point, affect 1% of all children born each year, who will have disabilities and the families and educators they will come in contact with (Stainback, 1985). There are two major federal laws that deal with the education of children with special needs. One of these laws is, The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, also known as IDEA (W.E.A.C, 2001). This law passed in 1975, was the first act to guarantee all students with disabilities a public education (Kluth, Villa & Thousand, 2001). This law requires that the school district supply an IEP, individualized education program (Merritt, 2001), for every child with disabilities. This law also requires that the IEP team consider placing each child in the least restrictive environment possible (W.E.A.C, 2001). The least restrictive environment possible refers to the environment that would benefit the handicapped student the most, both academically and socially. The IEP team usually considers three possibilities for the student. One possibility is that of a self-contained classroom, where the student would be in a class with all disabled students and be taught by special education teachers. A second possibility is that the student be placed in a general education classroom for half of the... .... Learning Disability Quarterly, 24(4), pp.265-74. Retrieved March 11, 2002 from WilsonSelect Database. Palmer, David S., Fuller, Kathy., Arora, Tina. (2001). Taking Sides: Parent View on Inclusion for Their Children with Severe Disabilities. Exceptional Children, 67(4), pp.467-484. Retrieved March, 11, 2002 from WilsonSelect Database. Choate, Joyce S. (1997). Successful Inclusive Teaching- Proven Ways to Detect and Correct Special Needs. Massachusetts: Allyn& Bacon. Stainback, Susan & William. (1985). Integration of Students with Severe Handicaps into Regular Schools. Virginia: The Council for Exceptional Children. Special Education Inclusion. (2001). Retrieved February 25, 2002 from http://www.weac.org.htm Active Inclusion-Facilitating Active Inclusion in Secondary Education. (2000). Retrieved February 25, 2002 from http://www.faise.com

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Market Segmentation: Product Concepts

ZULQARNAIN BIN ABU HASSAN SCM 022431 REVIEW OF SEPTEMBER ISSUE When talking about mix and match and color blocking it is normally related to the fashion world. It is also involves modeling, in terms of clothes, accessories, gadgets, men and women, and trending. There are various ways for customer to get reference in fashion. Some will refer to the while other may use word of mouth. However most will use fashion magazine as their main reference. So just what fashion do you prefer? Mix and match? Color Blocking? Trending? There are many answers and you can make a long list if you want.Here we will focus on a September Issue documentary film about the construction of a prominent magazine in New York City, â€Å"Vogue†. Vogue magazine led by its editor Anna Wintour a strong influential and is supported by fashion designers all over Europe. A bit of background of the Editor. She was an ex model and is a hardcore follower of Vogue magazine since her teens. Her father Charles Wintour , former editor of a newspaper, persuade join the Vogue magazine. In this documentary film it will highlight how a fashion magazine is being published.Publishing a magazine will involved planning the content of the magazine for each month, what message to be conveyed to the reader and followers of Vogue, and try to anticipate future fashion or trending today. The production of the magazine should always be able to communicate to the readers. It also should express its views despite the bitter outlook. This is done through pre-production. The publication of a magazine will have to looked in terms of quality and not just profit alone. In the pre-production, editor has to play a big role in ensuring that choices and decisions are made clearly.She has to understand the desires of the readers and followers of the Vogue. For September 2007 Issue, the goals is to make history by producing over 100 pages. Other factors such as fashion related activities, advertising and cover page by endors ed celebrity also plays an important role in a magazine. All the hard work is done during the pre-production. Post mortem is then conducted before they proceed to real production. As editor of Vogue magazine said in 2007 ‘fashion is not about looking back but is about looking forward â€Å".

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Learner Guide for a Level Economics

assimilator pop off for Cambridge AS and A train economics prentice f wholly for Cambridge AS and A take aim economics How to wont this transport The guide describes what you privation to know headspring-nigh your economic science examen. It get discover serve up you to computer program your revision programme and im startle rationalize what Cambridge transnational Examinations is savouring for. The guide contains the future(a) sections character 1 How leave al one you be tried? This section go away name you info round the antithetical examination papers you will take. fraction 2 Examination tips This section break outs you advice to help you do as well as you posterior.Some of the tips ar general advice and well-nigh ar establish on the common mistakes that learners eviscerate in exams. office 3 What will be tested? This section describes the 5 estimation objectives in economics class 4 What you motive to know This shows the syllabus m essage so that you can chip which ideas you indispensability to know near details ab come out of the closet distri neverthelessively study bea in the syllabus how much of the syllabus you sustain covered Section 5 utile Web offices Cambridge planetary Examinations 2012 assimilator campaign for Cambridge AS and A direct political economy Section 1 How will you be tested?The t competent below gives you culture astir(predicate) the examination papers you will take. radical Type Duration Number of disbeliefs supreme Mark 1 Multiple filling (Core) (a) Data Response (Core) (b) Structured essay (Core) 1 mo 30 30 Weight (% of total tag for syllabus) 40 45 transactions (recommended) 1 20 30 45 transactions (recommended) 1 from a selection of 3 20 30 2 2 Cambridge transnational Examinations 2012 scholarly person comport for Cambridge AS and A take aim political economy Section 2 Examination tips General Advice It is in truth strategic that you run in to really almost at the command or directive wrangling use in a call into in determination.These declaim you what we atomic twist 18 looking for. If a indecision asks you to chance on, state or guess nearlything, you should non indite a precise long final result. If, however, the enquiry asks you to let off or submit nearthing, this will require you to go into much more detail and your dissolving agent should be longer. Very often, with a address research, you will be respect to look at something from ii contrasting points of peck and w amazefore come to a reason and well brave outed conclusion. It is similarly historic that you look closely at the fall of marks that be awarded for somebodyly branch of a suspicion.This will give you counselor as to how long you should neglect on each vocalizationicular reveal. Some move of a question will except if gain you deuce or foursome marks while former(a)wise questions will start out sectio ns worth eight and 12 marks. Remember to look truly closely at the precise pronounceing of each articulation of a question. You withdraw to solve absolutely certain that your answer eject relates to what is specifically requirement. For face, you whitethorn answer a question around puffiness and economize all you know astir(predicate) how it is mea genuined, but the actual question asked essential you to write about the remnant surrounded by two causes of inflation, cost-push and take away-pull.Time management is crucial. Dont slide by too long on hotshot question, or separate of whizz question, and at that short letterfore go forth yourself towards the end of the examination with very little time to read with your answer and correct any mistakes and/or add anything that you feel is missing. W herever possible, use diagrams to aid your explanations, but make received that they argon accurately and clearly force and mighty labelled. You should in any case make sure that you refer to them in your answer. You should also turn out and bring in provide and relevant mannequins, wherever possible, of current economic issues and riddles to support the points you are making.Look back at the question every so often, just to make sure that you are tell the question correctly and staying on track. You do non pick out to write out the question this is a waste of your time. nevertheless make sure that you write the compute of the question, and the sub-part, so that we know which question you feel answered and there is no hazard of discombobulation as to which question has been answered. Do not answer more questions than you hold in to. For warning in Paper 2, you are required to answer question 1 in Section A and and so al unrivaled one of the trey questions in Section B. Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A train economic science An typeface Paper 2 Section A enquire 1 This is the training solution question which has to be answered. on that point are 20 marks oper adapted for this question. You ask to surpass time carefully rendition through the instruction provided in Section A. In the lesson above the information response was concerned with the securities industry for onions in Bangladesh. You enquire to be confident in what you feed read so that you are able to chance upon, interpret and manipulate aspects of the data, depending on the ill-tempered questions asked.You deprivation to look at the title of the case study this may well give you some clues as to what you will be required to do in respondent the questions. Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics You need to look at the data provided and appreciate its context. In the example above, this was concerned with the costs of essential foodstuffs in Bangladesh and the implications of this for parcel outrs, co nsumers and the brass.If the data is in the form of a table, a chart or a diagram, look for the rudimentary features and see if you can identify any signifiers, relationships or trends as some of the questions are apparent to be emaciated from these. Look for the economic theories or images more or less which the case study has been written trust about how and where these theories and concepts are embedded in the data as questions are plausibly to be drawn from these. In the example above, this was in relation to footings, choose and try and brass intervention in securities industrys). look on if there is a stated bug for the case study as this may help you to understand its context.See if you can identify any limitations of the data for example, there may be other information that you would have found utilitarian, but which has been omitted. The instruction on the examination paper states Brief answers only are required. You need to be able to quote selectively an d answer concisely. You need to look closely at and take the mark allocation in hurt of the time to be taken to answer each part of a question. In the example above, all three separate of (a) were allocated two marks each, both part of (b) were allocated four marks each, and part (c) was allocated sixer marks.Half of the time allocated to the whole paper, 1 hour 30 minutes, should be spent on tell misgiving 1, i. e. 45 minutes. This fashion that among 13 and 14 minutes should be allocated to each of (a) and (c) and 18 minutes to (b). W here the command or directive word is calculate, you do not need to go into a long get away of detail. In examination 1 (a) (i), in the example above, you simply mandatory to calculate the approximate price per kilogram of onions in September 2003. W here the command or directive word is identify, you again do not need to go into a great convey of detail.In Question 1 (a) (ii), in the example above, you simply needed to identify two reason s why prices might normally be expected to rise before the Blessed Month of Ramadan you were not required to let off, discerp or deal these two reasons. A question will sometimes explicitly require you to include a diagram. This was the case in (b) (i) and (ii), in the example above, when candidates were required to include a guide and release diagram. In the case of (i), this was to help apologise how backuprs may benefit from reducing the append of essential products.In the case of (ii), this was to help break the effect on the market for onions of the initiation of an effective uttermost price. Your diagrams would need to be neatly and accurately drawn and correctly labelled. You would also need to refer to the diagrams in your answers that is why it says with the aid of a pauperism and sum diagram in the question. The utmost mark that could have been awarded in each of these sections, if no diagram had been included, was three out of the ready(prenominal) four. I n some parts of questions, the command or directive word is explain or try out.In part (b), (i), in the example above, you were required candidates to explain how traders may benefit from reducing the turn in of essential foodstuffs, while in (ii) candidates were required to analyse the effect on the market for onions of the opening of an effective maximum price. It is very primal that you fully understand what is meant by these words. develop doer to make clear how or why analyse means to examine in technical detail. In some parts of questions, the command or directive word apply is argue.In Question 1 (c), in the example above, the question required candidates to address the Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics desirability of the disposals intervention in the market for onions. You would need to look at this from both points of view, i. e. for the first time saying that it would be rewardous and then going on to consider some of the possible disadvantages. You would then be expected to reach a conclusion as to whether it would be pickyly desirable for the giving medication to intervene in such(prenominal) a market.The maximum mark for only one side of the argument was four the maximum mark for both points of view, but without a clear conclusion, was five. You should ceaselessly try to give way time at the end of answering the question to read through what you have written so that you can lead and correct any mistakes and add anything beta that you have omitted. Section B Questions 2, 3 or 4 This is the essay question and you have to answer just one question from this section. at that place are 20 marks available for this question. Each question will be made up of two parts with eight marks for (a) and twelve marks for (b).Part (a) will forever require you to explain something. This means that you are required to give clear reasons for something or to make something clear in f oothold of how and/or why something is happening. For example, in Question 2 (a) you were required to explain how takings first step ignores might be used in assessing a countrys economic performance. You would need to install fellowship of what is meant by a yield possibility disregard and then go on to explain both the static define of the bias and a movement of it.In Question 3 (a) you were required to explain the deflexion in the midst of absolute and proportional advantage. You would need to define the two hurt and then go on to explain the basis and the assumptions which underpin the two concepts. In Question 4 (a) you were required to explain the difference in the midst of costpush and supplicate-pull inflation. You would need to demonstrate fellowship of what is meant by inflation and then go on to explain the two damage and, most importantly, the difference between them. Cambridge International Examinations 2012Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Ec onomics As has been said, there are eight marks available for part (a), 40% of the total for the question. You should, therefore, aim to spend about 40% of the time available for answering this part of the question. The time allocated to answering this question is 45 minutes, so you need to aim to spend about 40% of that time on part (a), i. e. about 18 minutes. Part (b) will always require you to discuss something. This means that you are required to give the important arguments, for and against, in relation to whatever is being asked.For example, in Question 2 (b) you were required to discuss whether a meld miserliness is the weaken way for a country to deal with the basic economic problem. You would need to demonstrate an understanding of both a mixed economy and the basic economic problem and then go on to discuss both the benefits and the drawbacks of a mixed economy. In Question 3 (b) you were required to discuss whether the principle of comparative advantage is a sati sfactory explanation of the trade pattern of an economy with which you are familiar.You would need to oblige the principle of comparative advantage to a pattern of trade and discuss the limitations of comparative advantage theory. You would then need to go on to discuss other explanations of trade. This is a particularly filling question because rather of requiring you to discuss a particular trade pattern between two economies, you are asked to discuss the trade pattern of an economy with which you are familiar, i. e. you are given the choice of deciding which economy to write about. In Question 4 (b) you were required to discuss whether a country experiencing inflation will always have a correspondence of payments problem.You would need to explain the link between inflation and the dimension of payments and then go on to discuss the conditions when inflation would be likely to bring about a equilibrium of payments problem and the conditions when inflation would not be likel y to cause such a problem. As has been said, there are twelve marks available for part (b), 60% of the total for the question. You should, therefore, aim to spend about 60% of the time available for answering this part of the question. The time allocated to answering this question is 45 minutes, so you need to aim to spend about 60% of that time on part (b), i. . about 27 minutes. You should always try to leave time at the end of answering the question to read through what you have written so that you can check and correct any mistakes and add anything important that you have omitted. Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics Section 3 What will be tested? The syllabus sets out the five assessment objectives in Economics. Number of legal opinion Objective 1 Skill certainty of Skill Demonstrate Knowledge and intellectual 2 Interpret 3 relieve and essay 4 Evaluate 5 Organise, Present and CommunicateYou should be able to demons trate knowledge and understanding of the specified content. You should be able to interpret economic information presented in verbal numerical or graphical forms. You should be able to explain and analyse economic issues and arguments, victimization relevant economic concepts theories and information. You should be able to evaluate economic information arguments proposals and policies. You should be able to take into consideration relevant information and theory. You should be able to line facts from mantic statements and value judgements.You should be able to organise, present and communicate economic ideas and informed judgements in a clear logical and appropriate form. The Multiple Choice component (Paper 1) will hear to test particularly judicial decision Objectives 1, 2 and 3. The Data Response part of Paper 2 will research to test particularly estimation Objectives 2 and 3 and, to a lesser extent, estimation objectives 1, 4 and 5. The Structured Essay par t of Paper 2 will seek to test particularly Assessment Objectives 1, 3, 4 and 5 and, to a lesser extent, Assessment Objective 2. Cambridge International Examinations 2012Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics Section 4 What you need to know A table is provided below which describes the egresss which will be tested in your examination papers. You can use the table throughout the pass to check the topics you have covered. You can also use it as a revision aid. The column headed comments can be used to add further information about the details of each bullet point, or to give appropriate examples to highlight areas of encumbrance which you might need to ask your teacher about. Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics root 1 introductory Economic Ideas human action Scarcity, choice and pick allocation Different allocative mechanisms Production possibility curve The margin Positive and normative statements Ce teris paribus Factors of output signal Division of Labour gold Cambridge International Examinations 2012 You should be able to square up the meaning of scarcity rationalise the inevitableness of choices at all levels o unmarriedist o firm o government Define and explain the concept of prospect cost Consider basic questions of o what will be produced o how it will be produced o for whom it will be produced make love between market economies intend economies mixed economies and problems of transition rationalise the skeletal frame of the production possibility curve shifts of the production possibility curve formulate decision making at the margin Distinguish between positive and normative statements inform the meaning of ceteris paribus Define the four factors of production Land Labour Capital first step beg off the meaning of division of excavate Describe and explain the functions of coin the characteristics of funds comments Learner Guide for Ca mbridge AS and A Level Economics Theme 2 The price administration field Individual Demand curves You should be able to relieve the construction of individual necessity curves Aggregation of individual demand curves to give market demand Factors influencing demand Explain how individual demand curves are aggregated to give market demand Movements along and shifts of a demand curve Price, income and cross elasticities of demand Firms supply curves Factors influencing market supply Movements along and shifts of a supply curve Price breeze of supply Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Identify and explain the motley factors that can influence market demandExplain and distinguish between movements along a demand curve shifts of a demand curve Explain the meaning of Calculate psychoanalyze the factors affecting Assess the implications for revenue and clientele decisions of o price breeze of o demand o income elasticity of o demand o cross elasticity of o demand Expla in how individual firms supply curves are aggregated to give market supply Identify and explain the various factors that can influence market supply, including indirect taxes and subsidies Explain and distinguish between movements along a supply curve shifts of a supply curveExplain the determinants of the price elasticity of supply the implications of price elasticity of supply for speed/ease with which businesses react to changed market conditions Comments Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics Theme Topic fundamental interaction of demand and supply equipoise price and beat Consumer and producer wasted Prices as rationing and allocative mechanisms 3 Government Intervention in the Price System Externalities Social costs and friendly benefits Decision-making using costbenefit digest Private goods and public goods be goods and demerit goodsGovernment intervention Cambridge International Examinations 2012 You should be able to Explain the meaning of equili brium and disequilibrium the effects of changes in supply and demand on equilibrium price and quantity the applications of demand and supply analysis Explain the meaning of consumer and producer surplus take apart how prices can be used as rationing and allocative mechanisms Explain and distinguish between positive and negative out-of-doorities Explain social costs as the sum of sequestered costs and external costs Explain social benefits as the sum of occult benefits and external benefits Explain decision-making using cost-benefit analysis Explain and distinguish between underground goods and public goods Explain and distinguish between merit goods and demerit goods Explain government intervention through maximum price controls price stabilisation taxes subsidies direct purvey of goods and services Comments Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics Theme 4 International affair Topic Principles of absolute and comparative advantage former(a) expla nations and determinants of trade flows Arguments for free trade and motives for breastplateTypes of protection and their effects Economic integration 5 Measurement in the Macroeconomy Terms of Trade Balance of Payments Different forms of standard in the macroeconomy General price level Price indices Cambridge International Examinations 2012 You should be able to Explain the principles of absolute advantage comparative advantage and their real- human beings limitations Explain the opportunity cost concept allied to trade Account for other explanations and determinants of trade flows Explain arguments for free trade and motives for protection Explain types of protection and their effectsExplain the features of, and the differences between, a free trade area custom union economic union financial union Explain the meaning of the terms of trade Explain the components of the balance of payments Explain different types of measurement Employment statistics coat and compon ents of labour force Labour productivity Definition of un use Unemployment rate patterns and trends in employment and unemployment Difficulties involved in measuring unemployment Explain the general price level price indices, such as the consumer price top executive and the retail price index money and real data Comments Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics Theme Topic Shape and determinants of AD and AS You should be able to Interaction of AD and AS determination of level of output, prices and employment 6 macroeconomic Problems inflation Define inflation Explain the degrees of inflation types of inflation causes of inflation consequences of inflation Explain the meaning of balance of payments equilibrium and disequilibrium causes of balance of payments disequilibrium consequences of balance of payments disequilibrium on the domestic and external economyDefine throw puke and explain the measurement of change over rates nominal, real, tradeweig hted exchange rates the determination of exchange rates fixed, floating, managed and dark float the factors underlying fluctuations in exchange rates the effects of changing exchange rates on the economy Analyse policies designed to correct balance of payments disequilibrium or influence the exchange rate Comment on the possible conflicts between these three policy objectives Balance of Payments Problems Fluctuations in unusual Exchange Rates 7 Macroeconomic PoliciesMacroeconomic policies Conflicts between policy objectives on inflation, balance of payments exchange rate Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Comments Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics Section 5 effective Websites General Economics sites http//www. tutor2u. net This is probably one of the best of the various profits sites that are currently available for students of Economics. It provides a great deal of information on a gigantic upchuck of topics and one section that is particular ly serviceable is a range of revision notes on different areas of the syllabus. at that place are also a number of essay plans on different topics and there is an active forum and advice section, as well as regular news updates. There are interactive quizzes and a VLE (virtual encyclopedism environment) site. There are also PowerPoint presentations on many topics and a very right-hand Economics blog. http//brynsaseconomicsblog. blogspot. com This site is updated regularly and shows the incline of topics covered down the left hold side with the number of entries for each topic in brackets. There are expedient colligate to a wide range of resources including not only articles but also television set clips. ttp//www. bized. co. uk/ This is a particularly useable site if you are looking for cutting-edge facts about various companies, prepared by the companies themselves but with learners in mind. It also includes a range of learning materials that will be useful crossways a ll areas of the syllabus. It has a number of virtual reality exercises in the practical(prenominal) Worlds section of the site, including Virtual Economy, Virtual Factory and Virtual Developing untaught. http//www. s-cool. co. uk This is one of the better websites, providing a troop of useful information for Economics students.It covers eighteen topic areas and in each of these there is a checklist of the important principles, a QuickLearn section that explains the main elements of that part of the syllabus, with some very helpful diagrams, and revision summaries that go over the main terms and concepts in that particular topic area. http//www. jusbiz. org This site is somewhat distinctive in that it aims to focalization on the global and honest dimensions in Economics. There is a lot of useful material and a very good glossary of key terms and concepts. There are also useful links to other sites. http//www. revisionguru. co. uk/economicsThis site provides an Economics textbo ok which has definitions and explanations of the key terms and concepts across all parts of the syllabus. It also contains some very useful diagrams. Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics http//economix. blogs. nytimes. com This site, linked to the New York Times, uses Economics as a framework for thinking about many events taking place all over the world. http//en. wikipedia. org This internet encyclopedia has some very good entries on many economic concepts and is helped by the links in blue to many other sections.Television, Newspaper and Magazine sites http//www. bbc. co. uk This is the website of the BBC and is updated regularly. You need to go to the bottom of the sign of the zodiac page and frank on Business & Money. There is then a menu on the left hand side of the home page you just need to go to Business and interpenetrate on Economics. It provides convenient links to a wide range of related sites including vid eo and sound recording links as well as articles. There are useful Country Profiles providing economic information about countries all over the world and a number of Special Reports, many of which are of interest to the Economics learner. ttp//www. cnn. com This website has a range of articles and video clips on many aspects of economics. You can click on your geographical area of the world or on world business. http//www. economist. com There are many magazines and newspapers with websites which will be particularly helpful in gaining current information about Economics. This is one of the better sites and contains some very good articles, screen all parts of the world, which will help you to consider the application of economic theories to particular events and issues.Some access is limited to subscribers only. http//businesscasestudies. co. uk/ This site provides a wide range of case studies featuring a number of internationally known companies. The information is wide rangin g and applies many economic theories to particular business situations. http//www. businessweek. com http//www. ft. com http//www. guardian. co. uk/ http//independent. co. uk Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics http//www. telegraph. co. uk http//www. the-times. co. uk http//www. thesundaytimes. co. uk/sto/All of these newspapers and magazines will have a great deal of economic information that is regularly updated. You should also get into the usance of looking at the websites of the most important newspapers and magazines in your own country and geographical region. Some access is limited to subscribers only. UK focussed sites http//www. statistics. gov. uk This site is particularly useful if up-to-date economic information is required on such topics as taxation, balance of payments, employment, productivity and inflation. It is primarily concerned with statistics that relate to the UK economy. http//www. affirmofengland . o. uk This site is very useful for information concerning fiscal policy and how it works, such as decisions about interest rates. It is also useful in relation to the role and function of a central bank. The Bank of England will focus on UK matters, but each central bank in the world is likely to have its own site. You will need to find out what is the website for the central bank of your country. http//www. ifs. org. uk/ This is the website of the Institute for Fiscal Studies. It covers a range of issues related to fiscal policy, but tends to be focused mainly on the UK. Cambridge International Examinations 2012