A Narrative Inquiry Qualitative Research Approach Proposal

A Narrative Inquiry Qualitative Approach - Research Proposal Example Given that this minority group has been inadequately covered in research, their challenges have lacked the necessary attention that is crucial in ensuring that they make wise choices in their life. Research has pointed out that these students are inclined to face more challenges unless there is an intervention to streamline their decision making process. As this population continues to increase, it is necessary to provide research driven recommendations to help them overcome their challenges and resolve their problems. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the factors that lead to First Generation Students (FGS) in obtaining multiple graduate degrees; undergraduate, masters, PhD and Doctoral programs. By interviewing FGS persons who have acquired post graduate education, it is possible to obtain their experiences and assess the factors that have contributed to their achievements. With this information, the research will assist in the generation of viable motivational approaches that can assist other FGS students to earn success in their education. The principle behind this study is that enhancing educational development is one of the best ways to impact community advancement in the contemporary society. The research will follow a narrative inquiry approach in the synthesis of the fact underlying the academic achievements of the FGS. With this interpretive approach, it will be possible to obtain the experiences of the selected samples and synthesise possible way in which to encourage other FGS to follow suit. In the recent past, the topic on First Generation students has generated a lot of heat in the area of research that is concerned with academic development. Ward, Siegel & Davenport (2012) define First Generation college students as those students entering college and originate from a family where none of the parents or siblings have attained have graduated

Teen pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Teen pregnancy Essay Teenage pregnancy is a social problem that has existed for over a century and has always been a great concern to every nation due to the numerous adverse consequences it brings on both the economy and society at large. In the middle of the 70s, teenage pregnancy had reached an astronomical height that it was described as â€Å"epidemic† by the Alan Guttmacher Institute in a booklet entitled â€Å"11 Million Teenagers† which was widely circulated at the time (Gallagher, M. , 1999). This, in fact, put pressure on Congress at the time to pass a bill that would increase family planning fund by hundred percent as a strategy to curtail teenage pregnancy â€Å"epidemic† (Gallagher, M. , 1999). The rate of Teenage Pregnancy rose from 23. 9 births per 1000 single female teenagers in 1975 to 31. 4 in 1985, and to 46. 4 in 1994. In the last part of the 90s, the rate had dropped by16 percent. For teenagers between 15 and 19 years, the rate of teen pregnancy had dropped by 36 per cent by 2002 and 33 per cent by 2004 (Gallagher, M. , 1999). Until recent times, Teenage pregnancy was considered an abomination and a mockery to a family. It carried a stigma and a disgrace to the young mothers and their immediate families. The young mothers were often considered sinners and the children born out of wedlock were referred to as bastards or illegitimate. The horror and the disgrace that was immediately associated with giving birth to bastards or illegitimate children, kept teenage pregnancy at the lowest minimum (Sprague, C. , 2009). In the 20th Century, the attitude of society toward teen mothers and their children or teenage pregnancy in general changed; society looked at them with compassion. Soon the horror, the intimidation, and the stigma that surrounds teenage pregnancy dissipated. This has, in no simple terms, contributed to the current level of teen pregnancy in our society. Though the rate of Teenage Pregnancy has declined in the United States in the last decade, it is still considered high, relative to other developed countries such as Sweden, Great Britain, and Denmark. Teenage pregnancy is a real social problem that requires all and sundry in finding a lasting solution to it. What makes teen pregnancy a huge problem lies in the negative effects it brings. The purpose of this work is to discuss some of the effects of teenage pregnancy which include health issues, school dropouts and dependency on the public for economic support. One striking effect with teenage pregnancy is the high propensity for the pregnant teenager to suffer some health problems. Very often, teenagers who become pregnant try to hide their pregnancy from their parents and in so doing, they do not get the necessary medical attention that initial pregnancy requires or may use crude means to abort the baby which can result in bleeding and death. About 33% of pregnant teenagers do not receive proper prenatal care and monitoring (Sprague, C. , 2009). This can result in an increased risk of miscarriage, anemia and high blood pressure in the pregnant teenager. Also, children born to teenage mothers usually exhibit low birth weight which is accompanied with other health hazards like respiratory disease, bleeding in the brain, and intestinal problems. All these account for the high mortality rate for infants born to teenage mothers than those born to women older than 20. This will in effect put some financial demand on the families of the teenage mothers. Another effect that has captivated the attention of civil society is the rate at which pregnant teenagers drop out of school. Drop outs today are ill-effects for future labor force; a situation which can cause poverty and semi-illiterates which civil society considers very serious in the development of a nation. Research shows that between 30 to 35 per cent of pregnant teenagers drop out of school compared to the 6 per cent of non-pregnant teenagers (Sprague, C. , 2009). Dropping out of school has an inherent effect on the teenage mothers; the early pregnancy deprives them of getting the necessary education and skills that will ensure them of rewarding and stable jobs. Finding a regular source of income therefore, becomes extremely difficult for teenage mothers as every job position requires certain skills. Their inabilities to secure jobs lead them to falling on the public for financial support. Finally, pregnant teenagers are likely to encounter abject poverty if they do not have a strong financial backing from their parents. Surprisingly, a higher percentage of these teens come from either broken home or staying with single parents, and are already living in poverty (Gallagher, M). Also, most of these teens are unmarried and likely to be single mothers which will cause them to face further acute economic hardships than if they were married. The only alternative at their disposal to partially solving their economic predicaments in the short run is to seek public assistance; that is, relying on welfare which includes food stamp. Over 80 per cent of teen mothers go on welfare within three years of giving birth (Sprague, C. , 2009). If the teen mother does not go back to school to attain any profession which is mostly the case, their daughters are more likely to become teen mothers and it becomes a vicious cycle. There are numerous effects of teenage pregnancy but the limit of this paper cannot exhaust all of them. In conclusion, teenage pregnancy is one source that can cause health, economic and educational setbacks not only in the lives of teenagers who allow them to be impregnated but generations down the â€Å"road†. All these can be averted if teenagers are taught abstinence from early sex until they have at least completed high school or attained age of 20. Where the teenagers are uncontrollable, they must be advice to use protections such as condoms but one thing is that condom is not 100 percent safe. There has been instances where condoms have torn and causing pregnancy. References

What Influences Juveniles to Join a Gang?

What Influences Juveniles to Join a Gang? When it comes to gangs, juveniles are the ones that are being lured in the most. You’ll come across a certain neighborhood and encounter juveniles that are almost around the age of 12-18. You may ask what influences them to be in a gang? Regardless of the many crimes and violations they’ll have to commit in order to be granted in. There’s been various studies out there that reveal so many factors that makes them want to become a part of these organizations. Some are: male partner gang involvement, disadvantaged neighborhoods, family structure and peer association. These factors tend to come into play often because of what these juveniles endure, personally, and makes them want to become a part of something that will give them a sense of power and acceptance. To start off, when it comes to knowing what a gang is, it can be defined in various ways. There’s no right definition but there are certain ways to describe what it is. In the textbook,† American Street Gangs†, they go into detail about how gangs are a group of people who band together for any number of reasons†. Which may include criminal activity, delinquency and rule of certain territories (neighborhoods). Here are some interesting statistics about gangs based on the Federal data (Justice.gov): America showed 95% of criminal activity was caused by youth gangs, youth gangs are more violent while engaging in illegal money-making activities, and has increased in gang violence especially within large cities. With all that being said, you can see how much of a negative impact gangs are making towards society and the youth. Female juveniles are also considered gang members and tend to join gangs because of relations to their boyfriend or partner. As stated in an article,† The Relationship Between Male Gang Involvement.†, it goes in depth with the idea that females whom are involved with gang members are highly likely to join a gang too, especially in ages between 13-17. The article points out important factors that come along with it, such as emotional abuse and how that can lead them to being gang-involved partners, they’ll seek comfort on being engaged in drug activity, crime and other acts that they’ve never done before. However, it’ll also cause negative outcomes such as mental risk factors, intimate partner violence and objectifying them as sex objects. This concludes that female juveniles who are involved with gang members, will most likely follow their steps out of love and respect, regardless of the outcomes. Another article that goes into detail of female juveni les in gangs, known as,† Female Gang Members†, tells us that throughout the years, rates on female juvenile gang activity have increased. An interesting quote I came across states, â€Å"they’re afraid of our gang, and because I’m in the gang, people show me respect and wont mess with me. I like that feeling of power†. With that being said, you can see how female juveniles feel when being involved in a gang. The sense of power and fear other people have towards them, contrary to not being in a gang and don’t get the respect they think they deserve. Another factor that influences juveniles to become a part of a gang is being in disadvantaged neighborhoods. When it comes to impoverished neighborhoods, more gang activity is being exposed because of the lack of resources the community has. In other words, gang members make money by the distribution of drugs and crimes, making people that’s in desperate need, become a gang member. The fact that neighborhoods play a huge role, environmental deterioration and social disorganization, as talked about in â€Å"Affiliation to youth gangs During Adolescence†, are the effects of an impoverished neighborhood. The views a juvenile has towards society are also important because if they feel a sense of unattachment towards their norms, it makes them want to engage in delinquency and crime. Gang organizations feel as if they have control of everything and run every block in the neighborhood. Why? Because of lack of social control and collective efficacy. Neighborhoods that are most impoverished, tend to be at risk of being controlled by youth gangs. These neighborhoods are seen as a playground for them, giving them access to hang around in every corner, playground and front porch because of the fact that people are scared of them and won’t do anything to interfere; not prevented. This concludes that juveniles that live in a disadvantaged neighborhood are more likely to get in a gang because that’s all they see around them, especially growing up, being exposed to gang activity at an everyday basis makes it difficult for them to avoid it. From a personal experience, I have lived in a neighborhood where there was gang activity everywhere you’d go. In the Little Village area, where I grew up, I’d see juveniles as young as 12-17 that would hang with the heads of gang members and follow the same steps they would. It was really upsetting seeing a 14-year-old boy on the corners selling drugs just to make dirty money, the reality of it was surreal. Family structure is one of the issues that occur the most. Many juveniles will experience lack of family support, love and guidance and can lure them away. Parental supervision tends to lessen when there’s problems such as: single parent households, parents being incarcerated, neglecting their child and relatives being involved in gangs. The loss of a father or mother figure can really have a negative impact on a juvenile, causing them to contribute to criminal activities and bad habits. Especially when it comes to losing a father figure, juveniles don’t have that strict supervision or support a man will give to his son contrary to a mother. In other words, family structure impedes socialization. In effect to that, juveniles will turn to gang organizations because they feel a sense of belonging, loyalty and connection, something they would look for within their family. In the textbook,† American Street Gangs†, it states a pretty compelling fact,† famil ies that can’t provide enough security or support so the gangs become their kind of surrogate family† (page 84). In other words, if you’re committed to the gang, they will reward you with protection, power and love. In the text, it defines what a gang is and what characteristics it consists of, which is a group of more than two members, fall within certain age groups, share a sense of identity, require permanence and most importantly are involved in criminal activity. With that being said, you can conclude that being in a gang, you have to follow strict regulations but also, there’s a sense of loyalty/trust, love, being respected/feared and actually feeling a part of something. Take for example, the Latin Kings. In a video Gangland, the show how much they value their gang members and look out for one another, but are very critical when it comes to anyone turning their back on them (distrust, snitching, which is telling on someone). Lastly, peer association is also one of the factors that influence gang membership. Nowadays, juveniles will make friends with anyone that shows them acceptance and since they tend to be susceptible, it’s easy for them to fall into temptation. A lot of gang members tend to recruit juveniles the most because they’ll do anything for money, power and the reputation. Take into consideration the differential association theory as a factor for antisocial behavior. Edwin Sutherland was a famous social theorist and came up with this theory, which he defines as, all behavior is learned. Such as: learning criminal behavior, process of communication within the gang, and getting to know the basic principles of a gang and incorporating it to their everyday lives and do everything that is expected of them. It can be seen as peer pressure but in this case, juveniles are committed to this. This theory best describes peer association because of the fact that many of these juveniles will do whatever it takes to become a gang member, they’ll endure any violation just to become one of them. Seeing gang members gain power and have all the things they desire, will definitely influence juveniles to want it as well. To conclude, juveniles tend to start being involved in gangs at such an early age despite the negative consequences they’ll face in the long run. Factors such as family structure, peer association, disadvantaged neighborhoods and relationships in gangs will definitely influence a juvenile to join these organizations at whatever cost. It’s important to take into consideration that most of this can be prevented with the right guidance and support from their family. Gang membership will only take you so far; death or in jail, just for their show and satisfaction and it’s really not worth it. References Flexon, J. L., Greenleaf, R. G., & Lurigio, A. J. (2012). The Effects of Self-Control, Gang Membership, and Parental Attachment/Identification on Police Contacts Among Latino and African American Youths.  International Journal Of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology,  56(2), 218-238. doi:10.1177/0306624X10394116 Dupà ©rà ©, V., Lacourse, É., Willms, J. D., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., Dupà ©rà ©, V., & Lacourse, E. (2007). Affiliation to youth gangs during adolescence: the interaction between childhood psychopathic tendencies and neighborhood disadvantage.  Journal Of Abnormal Child Psychology,  35(6), 1035-1045. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9153-0 Molidor, C. E. (1996). Female Gang Members: A Profile of Aggression and Victimization.  Social Work,  41(3), 251-257. King, K., Voisin, D., & Diclemente, R. (2015). The Relationship Between Male Gang Involvement and Psychosocial Risks for their Female Juvenile Justice Partners with Non-gang Involvement Histories.  Journal Of Child & Family Studies,  24(9), 2555-2559. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0057-7 103. Gang Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2018, from https://www.justice.gov/usam/criminal-resource-manual-103-gang-statistics Delaney, T. (2016).  American street gangs. Brantford, Ontario: W. Ross MacDonald School Resource Services Library. Health Issue: The Debate on Vaccinations Health Issue: The Debate on Vaccinations Current Trend in Health Care: MMR Vaccines Brittany Core Nothing is more heartbreaking than a young life that has been taken by the infection of a killer disease. Diseases kill children every year. Many diseases are bacteria, inhaled by the victim, infecting several areas of the body. The bacteria lives and grows while its victim dies. Other diseases are caused by viruses; a non-living infection that attacks the immune system and other living cells. Children are much more vulnerable to disease because of their weak immune systems. They’re weak because they have not lived life long enough to build immunities for such infections. However, in medicine, there are always risks. So, parents argue that vaccinations should not be mandatory for children. For many years, immunizations have continued to keep the spread of disease low. They have lowered the amount of deaths and saved lives. On the other hand, what if it was against families’ religion or they say their child is a â€Å"tough one† and they can handle the severe symptoms of disease? Those are the arguments made by people who believe that vaccines should not be mandatory for children. Are those arguments strong enough to counter all the children’s lives that have been saved by intelligent medicine? Unless America wants to unleash the beast of infectious killers, vaccinations for children should be mandatory to keep it from spreading and eventually killing. Research shows that the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks because vaccines can prevent serious illness and disease in individuals, vaccinations can also prevent widespread outbreaks of diseases in populations and the side effect of vaccinations, though occasionally serious, are very rare. In 1912, measles became a nationally notifiable disease in the United States, requiring U.S. healthcare providers and laboratories to report all diagnosed cases (Measles History, 2014). In the first decade of reporting, an average of 6,000 measles-related deaths were reported each year (Measles History, 2014). In the decade before 1963 when a vaccine became available, nearly all children got measles by the time they were 15 years of age (Measles History, 2014). It is estimated 3 to 4 million people in the United States were infected each year. Also each year an estimated 400 to 500 people died, 48,000 were hospitalized, and 4,000 suffered encephalitis (swelling of the brain) from measles (Measles History, 2014). In 1954, John F. Enders and Dr. Thomas C. Peebles collected blood samples from several ill students during a measles outbreak in Boston, Massachusetts (Measles History, 2014). They wanted to isolate the measles virus in the student’s blood and create a measles vaccine. They succeeded in isolating measles in 13-year-old David Edmonston’s blood (Measles History, 2014). In 1963, John Enders and colleagues transformed their Edmonston-B strain of measles virus into a vaccine and licensed it in the United States (Measles History, 2014). In 1968, an improved and even weaker measles vaccine, developed by Maurice Hilleman and colleagues, began to be distributed (Measles History, 2014). This vaccine, called the Edmonston-Enders (formerly â€Å"Moraten†) strain has been the only measles vaccine used in the United States since 1968 (Measles History, 2014). The MMR shot protects your child from measles, a potentially serious disease (and also protects against mumps and rubella), prevents your child from getting an uncomfortable rash and high fever from measles, keeps your child from missing school or childcare and keeps you from missing work to care for your sick child (Vaccine and Immunizations, 2015). The measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine is recommended for children 12 months to 12 years old (MMR, 2013). Children should receive the first dose of mumps-containing vaccine at 12-15 months and the second dose at 4-6 years (Mumps Vaccination, 2012). All adults born during or after 1957 should have documentation of one dose (Mumps Vaccination, 2012). Adults at higher risk, such as university students, health care personnel, and international travelers, and persons with potential mumps outbreak exposure should have documentation of two doses of mumps vaccine or other proof of immunity to mumps (Mumps Vaccination, 2012). Pregnant women and persons with an impaired immune system should not receive the MMR vaccine (Mumps Vaccination, 2012). It is a single shot, often given at the same doctor visit as the varicella or chickenpox vaccine (MMR, 2013). Measles can be dangerous, especially for babies and young children (Vaccine and Immunizations, 2015). For some children, measles can lead to pneumonia, lifelong brain damage, deafness and death (Vaccine and Immunizations, 2015). Measles is a respiratory disease caused by a virus. The virus lives in the mucus in the nose and throat of an infected person (Measles, n.d). Measles remains a common disease in many countries throughout the world, including some developed countries in Europe and Asia (Measles, n.d). While the disease is almost gone from the United States, measles still kills nearly 200,000 people each year globally (Measles, n.d). However, children younger than 5 years of age and adults older than 20 years of age are more likely to suffer from measles complications (Measles, n.d). Measles virus causes rash, cough, runny nose, eye irritation, and fever (MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), 2015). It can lead to ear infection, pneumonia, seizures (jerking and staring), brain damage, and death (MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), 2015). Pregnant women can give birth prematurely or have a low-birth-weight baby (Measles, n.d). Mumps is a contagious disease that is caused by the mumps virus. The mumps virus affects the saliva glands, located between the ear and jaw, and may cause puffy cheeks and swollen glands (MMR, 2013). Mumps virus causes fever, headache, muscle pain, loss of appetite, and swollen glands (MMR, 2013). It can lead to deafness, meningitis (infection of the brain and spinal cord covering), painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries, and rarely sterility (MMR, 2013). Most people who have mumps will be protected (immune) from getting mumps again (Mumps Vaccine, 2006). There is a small percent of people though, who could get infected again with mumps and have a milder illness (Mumps Vaccine, 2006). Rubella, also known as German measles or three day measles is an infectious viral disease, but dont confuse rubella with measles, which is sometimes called rubeola (MMR, 2013). The two illnesses share similar features, including a characteristic red rash, but they are caused by different viruses (MMR, 2013). Rubella virus lives in the mucus in the nose and throat of infected persons (MMR, 2013). Rubella is usually spread to others through sneezing or coughing. In young children, rubella is usually mild, with few symptoms. They may have a mild rash, whichusually starts on the face and then spreads to the neck, chest, arms, and legs, and it lasts for about three days (MMR, 2013). A child with rubella might also have a slight fever or other symptoms like a cold. Adults are more likely to experience headache, pink eye, and general discomfort one to five days before the rash appears (MMR, 2013). Adults also tend to have more complications, including sore, swollen joints, and, less commonl y, arthritis, especially in women (MMR, 2013). A brain infection called encephalitis is a rare, but serious, complication affecting adults with rubella (MMR, 2013). However, the most serious consequence from rubella infection is the harm it can cause to a pregnant womans unborn baby (MMR, 2013). Measles spreads when a person infected with the measles virus breathes, coughs, or sneezes (Vaccine and Immunizations, 2015). It is very contagious. A person can catch measles just by being in a room where a person with measles has been, up to 2 hours after that person is gone, and you can catch measles from an infected person even before they have a measles rash (Vaccine and Immunizations, 2015). Almost everyone who has not had the MMR shot will get measles if they are exposed to the measles virus (Vaccine and Immunizations, 2015). Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine can protect children and adult from all three of these diseases. Thanks to successful vaccination programs these diseases are much less common in the U.S. than they used to be, but if we stopped vaccinating they would return (MMR, 2013). Between 2000 and 2007, the number of measles cases reached a record low, with only 37 cases being reported in 2004 (Medical News Today, 2015). Last year saw the highest number of reported measles cases in the US since the virus had been declared eliminated (Medical News Today, 2015). There were 23 measles outbreaks in 2014 causing 644 people to become infected (Medical News Today, 2015). According to the CDC, the majority of these cases were brought into the country by travelers from the Philippines (Medical News Today, 2015). Where a large outbreak of the virus was occurring at the time and most of the people who became infected in the US were part of unvaccinated Amish communities in Ohio, but while last years statistics seem bad, this years are set to be even worse (Medical News Today, 2015). Last month alone saw 102 measles cases reported over 14 US states, including California, Texas and Washington (Medical News Today, 2015). The majority of these cases are thought to have stemm ed from Disneyland, CA, where a number of people reported developing the virus after visiting the amusement part in mid-December (Medical News Today, 2015). If you dont have insurance or if your insurance does not cover vaccines for your child, the Vaccines for Children Program may be able to help (CDC, 2015). The Vaccines for Children (VFC) program provides vaccines for children who are uninsured, Medicaid-eligible, or American Indian/Alaska Native (CDC, 2015). No federal vaccination laws exist, but all 50 states require certain vaccinations for children entering public schools (State Laws: Vaccines and Requirements, 2014). Vaccination coverage in America has been historically high as a result of school requirements, caregiver intervention with vulnerable populations, and seasonal influenza-shot drives, but it still falls short (MMR, 2013). Physicians or other providers must provide the current Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) each time they administer a vaccine covered under the National Vaccine Injury or purchased through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention grant (Kimmel Wolfe, 2005). They must record in each patients medical record the date of administration, the vaccine manufacturer, the lot number, and the name and business address of the provider, along with the edition of the VIS that was given and the date on which the vaccine was administered (Kimmel Wolfe, 2005). An effective interaction can address the concerns of vaccine supportive parents and motivate a hesitant parent towards vaccine acceptance (Leask, Kinnersley, Jackson, Cheater, Bedford Rowles, 2012). Conversely, poor communication can contribute to rejection of vaccinations or dissatisfaction with care and health professionals have a central role in maintaining education (Leask et al., 2012). These concerns will likely increase as vaccination schedules inevitably become more complex, and parents have increased access to varied information through the internet and social media (Leask et al., 2012). In recognition of the need to support health professionals in this challenging communication task conducted in usually public trust in vaccination; this includes addressing parents’ vaccine concerns (Leask et al., 2012). There are several reasons why parents are choosing not to vaccinate their children. Parents who decided not to give their child MMR were concerned that the vaccine might cause a reaction in their child (Immunizations, n.d). Most children who have the MMR vaccine do not have any problems with it, or if reactions do occur they are usually mild (Immunizations, n.d). Parents were concerned that the long-term effects of the combined MMR vaccine were not known (Immunizations, n.d). Other reasons given for deciding not to go ahead with MMR were concern about the ingredients of the vaccines and that live vaccines were used and that these would be too much for a childs body to cope with (Immunizations, n.d). A very small number of parents personally believed that immunity derived from actually having the disease was more effective than the immunity obtained from vaccines (Immunizations, n.d). There is no scientific evidence that MMR vaccine causes autism. The suggestion that MMR vaccine might lead to autism had its origins in research by Andrew Wakefield, a gastroenterologist, in the United Kingdom (DPH, 2013). In 1998, Wakefield and colleagues published an article in The Lancet claiming that the measles vaccine virus in MMR caused inflammatory bowel disease, allowing harmful proteins to enter the bloodstream and damage the brain (DPH, 2013). The validity of this finding was later called into question when it could not be reproduced by oth ­er researchers (DPH, 2013). In addition, the findings were further discredited when an investigation found that Wakefield did not disclose he was being funded for his research by lawyers seeking evidence to use against vaccine manufacturers (DPH, 2013). Wakefield was permanently barred from practicing medicine in the United Kingdom (DPH, 2013). There will always be some cases of measles in the US, as it can still be brought into the country by individuals from other countries who have not been vaccinated. The CDC says the MMR vaccine is safe, and one dose of the vaccine is around 93% effective at preventing measles, while two doses is approximately 97% effective (Medical News Today, 2015). Immunization is the only effective way of protection for children against these diseases because children’s immune systems are defenseless against them because they are not fully developed yet, and once infected in most cases there is no cure or at least a very low chance of one. References Center for Disease Control (2015, February 5). Retrieved March 18, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/measles/fs-parents.html DPH: Infectious Diseases. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2015 http://www.ct.gov/dph/cwp/view.asp?a=3136q=397352 Immunization. (n.d.). Retrieved March 18, 2015, from http://www.healthtalk.org/peoples-experiences/pregnancy-children/immunisation/deciding-not-give-my-child-mmr-measles-mumps-and-rubella Kimmel, S. R., Wolfe, R. M. (2005). Communicating the benefits and risks of vaccines. The Journal of Family Practice, 54(1 Suppl), S51-S57 State Vaccines and requirements. (2014, December 12). Retrieved March 22, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/laws/state-reqs.html Leask, J., Kinnersley, P., Jackson, C., Cheater, F., Bedford, H., Rowles, G. (2012). Communication with parents about vaccination: a framework for health professionals. BMC Pediatrics, 12154. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-12-154 Measles History. (2014, November 3). Retrieved March 18, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html Medical News Today (2015, February 5). Retrieved March 18, 2015, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/289060.php MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) Vaccine. (2013, June 18). Retrieved March 18, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html MMR Vaccine Does Not Cause Autism Examine the Evidence! Retrieved March 19, 2015, from http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4026.pdf Mumps Vaccine. (2006, October 16). Retrieved March 22, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/mumps/vac-faqs.htm Mumps Vaccination. (2012, July 2). Retrieved March 22, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/mumps/vaccination.html Vaccine and Immunizations. (2015, February 5). Retrieved March 22, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/measles/fs-parents.html Measles. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2015, from http://www.vaccines.gov/diseases/measles/index.html MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella): MedlinePlus Drug Information. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2015, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601176.html

The Power of Place :: Essays Papers

The Power of Place â€Å"The main thing is to root politics in place. The affinity for home permits a broad reach in the process of coalition building. It allows strange bedfellows to find one another. It allows worldviews to surface and change. It allows politics to remain an exercise in hope. And it allows the unthinkable to happen sometimes.† Allen Thein Durning, This Place on Earth , P.249 The concept of place, home and community is a transnational and trans-community concept. Human places have just recently been given political boundaries. Previously, human boundaries were determined the same way that animal, plant, and ecosystem boundaries were defined. They were defined by ecology and they were defined by geography of region and hemisphere. Tony Hiss Author of The Experience of Place brings to our attention that as humans â€Å"We react, consciously or unconsciously, to the places where we live and work, in ways we scarcely notice or that are only now becoming known to us†¦In short, the places where we spend our time affect the people we are and can become.† Place defines characteristics in both human and extended moral communities. Place is not necessarily specific to gender, race, generation or specie. This understanding and recognition of place is fundamental when thinking about institutionalizing ecological and social responsibility. Because of human and nonhuman connections to specific places including knowledge, experience and community, using a sense of place and permanence as a green transnational multilateral initiative could be a successful step towards green democracy and ecological citizenship. Robyn Eckersley offers the suggestion of a constitutionally entrenched principle that would enhance ecological and social responsibility: the precautionary principle. I suggest connecting localized, place-specific boundaries with the principle. This addition is meant to aid in fostering ecological citizenship, expanding the moral community, and creating a responsible society. This addition would also be meant to unite a transnational issue that all nations could agree upon. This would create a binding multilateral principle that would be thoroughly accepting of specific ecological needs and characteristics of specific places. In short, the big picture of an international perspective needs the resolution of the peculiarities of place that can't be emphasized in a global viewpoint. The second major international environmental conference was held in Rio de Janeiro, in 1992. It was at Rio that the precautionary principle first became known to the public. Called principle 15, the precautionary principle provided that: â€Å"Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation† (p.

Properties of Solutions Essay

A solution is a mixture of materials, one of which is usually a fluid. A fluid is a material that flows, such as a liquid or a gas. The fluid of a solution is usually the solvent. The material other than the solvent is the solute. We say that we dissolve the solute into the solvent. Some solutions are so common to us that we give them a unique name. A solution of water and sugar is called syrup. A solution of sodium chloride (common table salt) in water is called brine. A sterilized specific concentration (0.15 molar) of sodium chloride in water is called saline. A solution of carbon dioxide in water is called seltzer, and a solution of ammonia gas in water is called ammonia water. A solution is said to be dilute if there is less of the solute. The process of adding more solvent to a solution or removing some of the solute is called diluting. A solution is said to be concentrated if it has more solute. The process of adding more solute or removing some of the solvent is called concentrating. The concentration of a solution is some measurement of how much solute there is in the solution. It might initially offend your sensibilities to consider a solution in which the solvent is a gas or a solid. The molecules of a gas do not have much interaction among them, and so do not participate to a large extent in the dissolving process. Solids are difficult to consider as solvents because there is a lack of motion of the particles of a solid relative to each other. There are, however, some good reasons to view some mixtures of these types as solutions. The molecules of a gas do knock against each other, and the motion of a gas can assist in vaporizing material from a liquid or solid state. The fan in a ‘frost free’ home freezer moves air around inside the freezer to sublimate any exposed ice directly into water vapor, a process clearly akin to dissolving. Solid metals can absorb hydrogen gas in a mixing process in which the metal clearly provides the structure. True solutions with liquid solvents have the following properties: PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS 1.The particles of solute are the size of individual small molecules or individual small ions. One nanometer is about the maximum diameter for a solute particle. 2.The mixture does not separate on standing. In a gravity environment the solution will not come apart due to any difference in density of the materials in the solution. 3.The mixture does not separate  by common fiber filter. The entire solution will pass through the filter. 4.Once it is completely mixed, the mixture is homogeneous. If you take a sample of the solution from any point in the solution, the proportions of the materials will be the same. 5.The mixture appears clear rather than cloudy. It may have some color to it, but it seems to be transparent otherwise. The mixture shows no Tyndall effect. Light is not scattered by the solution. If you shine a light into the solution, the pathway of the light through the solution is not revealed to an observer out of the pathway. 6.The solute is completely dissolved into the solvent up to a point characteristic of the solvent, solute, and temperature. At a saturation point the solvent no longer can dissolve any more of the solute. If there is a saturation point, the point is distinct and characteristic of the type of materials and temperature of the solution. 7.The solution of an ionic material into water will result in an electrolyte solution. The ions of solute will separate in water to permit the solution to carry an electric current. 8.The solution shows an increase in osmotic pressure between it and a reference solution as the amount of solute is increased. 9.The solution shows an increase in boiling point as the amount of solute is increased. 10.The solution shows a decrease in melting point as the amount of solute is increased. 11.A solution of a solid non-volatile solute in a liquid solvent shows a decrease in vapor pressure above the solution as the amount of solute is increased. These last four of the properties of solutions collectively are called colligative properties. These characteristics are all dependent only on the number of particles of solute rather than the type of particle or the mass of material in solution. OTHER TYPES OF MIXTURE Take a spoonful of dirt and vigorously mix it with a glass of water. As soon as you stop mixing, a portion of the dirt drops to the bottom. Any material that is suspended by the fluid motion alone is only in temporary suspension. A portion of the dirt makes a true solution in the water with all of the properties of the above table, but there are some particles, having a diameter roughly between 1 nm and 500 nm, that are suspended in a more lasting fashion. A suspended mixture of particles of this type is called a colloid, or colloidal suspension, or colloidal dispersion. For colloids or  temporary suspensions the phrase dispersed material or the word dispersants describes the material in suspension, analogous to the solute of a solution. The phrase dispersing medium is used for the material of similar function to a solvent in solutions. As with true solutions, it is a bit of a stretch to consider solids as a dispersing medium or gases as forming a large enough particle to be a coll oid, but most texts list some such. A sol is a liquid or solid with a solid dispersed through it, such as milk or gelatin. Foams are liquids or solids with a gas dispersed into them. Emulsions are liquids or solids with liquids dispersed through them, such as butter or gold-tinted glass. Aerosols are colloids with a gas as the dispersing medium and either a solid or liquid dispersant. Fine dust or smoke in the air are good examples of colloidal solid in a gas. Fog and mist are exampes of colloidal liquid in a gas. Liquid dispersion media with solid or liquid dispersants are the most often considered. Homogenized whole milk is a good example of a liquid dispersed into a liquid. The cream does not break down into molecular sized materials to spread through the milk, but collects in small micelles of oily material and proteins with the more ionic or hydrophilic portions on the outside of the globule and the more fatty, or oily, or non-polar, or hydrophobic portions inside the ball-shaped little particle. Blood carries liquid lipids (fats) in small bundles called lipoproteins with specific proteins making a small package with the fat. Proteins are in a size range to be considered in colloidal suspension in water. Broth or the independent proteins of blood or the casein (an unattached protein) in milk are colloidal. There are many proteins in the cellular fluids of living things that are in colloidal suspension. Colloidal dispersants in water stay in suspension by having a layer of charge on the outside of the particle that is attractive to one end of water molecules. The common charge of the particles and the water solvation layer keep the particles dispersed. A Cottrel precipitator collects the smoke particles from air by a high voltage charge and collection device. Boiling an egg will denature and coagulate the protein in it. Proteins can be fractionally ‘salted out’ of blood by adding specific amounts of sodium chloride to make the proteins coagulate. The salt adds ions to the liquid that interfere with the dispersion of the colloidal particles. Colloids with liquid as a dispersing agent have the following properties: PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS 1.The particles of dispersant are the between about 500 nm to 1 nm in diameter. 2.The mixture does not separate on standing in a standard gravity condition. (One ‘g.’) 3.The mixture does not separate by common fiber filter, but might be filterable by materials with a smaller mesh. 4.The mixture is not necessarily completely homogeneous, but usually close to being so. 5.The mixture may appear cloudy or almost totally transparent, but if you shine a light beam through it, the pathway of the light is visible from any angle. This scattering of light is called the Tyndall effect 6.There usually is not a definite, sharp saturation point at which no more dispersant can be taken by the dispersing agent. 7.The dispersant can be coagulated, or separated by clumping the dispersant particles with heat or an increase in the concentration of ionic particles in solution into the mixture. 8.There is usually only small effect of any of the colligative properties due to the dispersant. CONCENTRATION The concentration of a solution is an indication of how much solute there is dissolved into the solvent. There are a number of ways to express concentration of a solution. By far the most used and the most useful of the units of concentration is molarity. You might see ‘6 M HCl’ on a reagent bottle. The ‘M’ is the symbol for molar. One molar is one mol of solute per liter of solution. The reagent bottle has six mols of HCl per liter of acid solution. Since the unit ‘molar’ rarely appears in the math of chemistry other than as a concentration, to do the unit analysis correctly, you will have to insert concentrations into the math as ‘mols per liter’ and change answers of ‘mols per liter’ into molar. Molality is concentration in mols of solute per kilogram of solvent. Mol fraction is the number of mols of solute per number of mols of solution. Weight-weight percent (really mass percent) is the number of grams of solute pe r grams of solution expressed in the form of a percent. Mass-volume concentration is the number of grams of solute per milliliter of solution. There are other older units of concentration, such as BaumÃÆ'ƒÂ ©, that are still in use, mainly in industrial chemicals. Normality is the number of mols of effective material per liter. In acid-base titrations, the hydroxide ion of bases and the hydrogen (hydronium) ion of acids is the effective material. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)  has two ionizable hydrogens per formla of acid, or one mol of acid has two mols of ionizable hydrogen. 0.6 M H2SO4 is the same concentration as 1.2 N H2SO4. We say that sulfuric acid is diprotic because it has two protons (hydrogen ions) per formula available. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is monoprotic, phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is triprotic, and acids with two or more ionizable hydrogens are called polyprotic. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is monobasic, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is dibasic, and aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is tribasic. Where ‘X’ is the number of available hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in an acid or base, N, the normality, is equal to the molarity, M, times X. The normality system can be used for redox reactions, but the effective material is now available electrons or absorption sites for electrons. Consider the following reaction, #43 in the redox section. In a sulfuric acid solution potassium permanganate will titrate with oxalic acid to produce manganese II sulfate, carbon dioxide, water, and potassium sulfate in solution.

Filing a Follow to Join Application (Form I-824)

Filing a Follow to Join Application (Form I-824) The United States allows the spouses and children of U.S. green card holders also to get green cards and permanent residency in the United States, using a document known as Form I-824. It is more popularly known as the â€Å"Follow to Join† process, and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services says it is a more expedited way of coming to the country than processes that were in place years ago. Follow to Join allows families who may not be able to travel together to reunite in the United States. Since the early days of the republic, Americans have demonstrated a willingness to keep immigrant families together, as much as possible. Technically, Form I-824 is called an Application for Action on an Approved Application or Petition. Form I-824 can be a powerful tool for promoting family reunification. Some important things to keep in mind: It is extremely important that you submit all required initial evidence with all the supporting documentation with your application at the time of filing. USCIS has strict requirements about what evidence you will need to provide.Follow to Join is only valid if the principal applicant has established permanent residency in the United States through employment, family-preference, the Green Card lottery or through a K or V visa.Follow to Join does not require a separate immigrant petition and does not require the applicant to wait for a visa to become available.You dont need to file Form I-130 to take advantage of the Follow to Join process.The principal applicant must not be a U.S. citizen. Thats a different process. If the principal applicant has become a naturalized citizen, then he or she can file a separate visa petition to bring family members here.The Follow to Join process is only available to children who are under the age of 21 and unmarried. Children over the age of 21 or ma rried children can immigrate to the United States if a parent becomes a naturalized U.S. citizen. There are provisions in U.S. immigration law for allowing stepchildren and adopted children to participate in Follow to Join. People who have gotten permanent residency through the Immediate Relative R category are not eligible for Follow to Join but can petition for visas for their spouses or children by filing Form I-130. Some Documents You Are Likely To Need Some examples of the evidence (documentation) that is typically required include certified copies of the childrens birth certificates, a copy of the marriage certificate and passport information. All documents have to be verifiable. Once the petition is approved by USCIS, the petitioners children or spouse must appear at a U.S. consulate for an interview. The filing fee for the Follow to Join application is $405. The check or money order must be drawn on a bank or financial institution located in the United States. According to USCIS, â€Å"Once Form I-824 has been accepted, it will be checked for completeness, including submission of the required initial evidence. If you do not completely fill out the form or file it without required initial evidence, you will not establish a basis for eligibility, and we may deny your Form I-824.† Further, USCIS says: â€Å"If you are in the United States and have not yet filed to adjust your status to permanent resident, you can file Form I-824 for your child overseas with your Form I-485. When concurrently filing Form I-824, it does not require any supporting documentation.† As you can see, this can get complicated. You may want to consult with a qualified immigration attorney to make sure your petition is approved without excessive delays. Government immigration officials warn immigrants to be careful of scammers and disreputable service providers. Beware of promises that seem too good to be true – because they almost always are. Applicants can check the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) website for current contact information and hours.

Human Sexuality in Music essays

Human Sexuality in Music essays The McClarys brief discussion on sexual politics in classical Music focuses on how human sexuality is present not only in modern music such as rock and pop, but also in classical music. McClary mentions that in academia there is not much focus on true expression but rather concentrate on structure. It is mentioned that when it comes to listening to classical music one doesnt consider erotic emotions unless it is a work that includes text that portrays such. As far as eroticism goes, it is the heterosexual male that expresses the need and desire. The first of two musical examples that McClary used was Carmen. The highlight of this discussion dealt with music affecting how the other character thinks. The melodies that Carmen sung had great affect on Jose, the other lead character. Carmen was able to manipulate how Jose felt. The chromatic lines and uncommon resolutions in some spots seem to confuse one. So basically Carmen got whatever she wanted out of Jose. At points when the erotic tension is at a high point Jose starts to express himself and let it all out. At this point the music is as tense as a sexual episode is described. Another characteristic of Carmen that was discussed was the Rhythms. The rhythms suggest very exotic dance motion with the lower body. The driving patterns can also be associated with burning desire. The second of the two examples was a discussion on the first movement Tchaikovskys 4th Symphony. McClary discusses how this movement represents a protagonist and antagonist. In this case the protagonist is the expressive element, which is characterized by a smooth legato melody that seems to float like a free bird. The antagonist is the more direct and bombastic element. Characterized by driving rhythms and military like fanfares in the brass. This entire symphony represents a struggle. It seems as though every time the protagonist gets settled, the antagonist appears again to take over ...

London as a Global City

London as a Global City Introduction A global city is a city which has a big economic significance in the world. Thus for a city to be deemed as global or world class it has to pass certain criteria. These criteria include economic characteristics, political characteristics, cultural characteristics, transport characteristics, and many others such as population, information exchange, human capital, and business activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on London as a Global City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to recent surveys Asian cities are emerging as newcomers in the prominence of cities on the globe. For instance in the latest survey according to Kearney (2010), 5 of the top ten global cities come from Asia. Currently London is ranked second after New York City. Reasons why London is a global city The city of London is considered a global city because of many reasons. The city is a metropolitan and therefore it has a mixtur e of different cultures. According to Bloomberg Businessweek (2010), London ranks second after New York. This index is based on the rich human resource and the cultural wealth and other strengths. Business activities in London are also of a very high index. The human capital of the British capital is also increasing. Population of London According to Bentham (2010), London’s population is set to reach 8.3 million people. This means that the population is increasing by 10% in a period of eight years. In addition to this, more people in England are moving from the rural areas into London for many reasons. The report also states that fewer Londoners are moving abroad. Increased population has the advantage of increased human resource and also the presence of a ready market for goods and services. GDP of London The GDP of London is currently on the rise. As Packer (2004) writes, London has grown to become a major financial centre of the world. London is a metropolitan capital and which still remains a powerful center where the world gets sucked. Before being overtaken by New York in the twentieth century, London had been leading other world cities in terms of size and wealth. Cultural wealth of London Since time immemorial, London has continued to increase in its cosmopolitan state. The British capital has continued to attract human labor from across the whole world. For instance it attributes its name from Italian linguistics whereby the city of London emanated from the Roman Londonium which was a tribal capital of Britannia. Cultural wealth of London is an accompaniment of the way in which Britain gained colonial powers. Slave trade as Packer (2004) puts it, made Britain ports to fill with cultural diversity which later on spread to the interior.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Transport facilities London has invested heavily in the transport sect or. There is an excellent network of roads and railway lines traversing across London. London is also well known for its highly developed marine transport. The good network of transport facilities provides the ease of movement of goods to and from the market. Movement of Human labor is also enhanced. According to Litman (2006), London has continued to decongest its roads by implementing certain measures. Henrion (2010), also states that businessmen can travel quickly into London from other European cities. Medical facilities in London London is well endowed with world class medical facilities. According to Uhlhorn (2010), London health care facilities are among the top of the world as it is with the Australian facilities. Major laboratory researches are done in London universities. Medical centers such as the UCL medical center are also characterized by world class research facilities. Information exchange of London London was among the first city in the world to use transmission of information in form of radio waves. The use of this system is dated back during the Second World War when Britain used the technology of radar to track airplanes. London has also excelled in the IT sector such that its development has also been attributed to its existing IT policies. Business and economic activities There are many business activities in London. The major businesses activities include stock exchange, banking industry, insurance industry, transport industry, real estate business among others. Services in the business industry also present a major source of income for the Londoners. The City University, London (2010) informs how information exchange is used in almost all sectors and how Londoners are being educated on how to use this system. Political stability Political stability of Britain has enabled her capital to grow expansively throughout the years. British political system has enhanced the presence of peace. The presence of peace makes London an attractive pla ce to invest, visit or live. According to Durham (2005), political situation in London has been formulated to accommodate all kinds of people including gays. Conclusion In conclusion London’s prosperity has been depending upon the above factors. Other factors which have enabled London to develop to a world class city include, tourism sector whereby people from all over the world have been able to access London’s beauty. London has some of the best hotels in the world. In addition to all the above, Britain also has an excellent learning system whereby some of the universities are well known to be world class. This is according to the Consolidated School District of New Britain (2010)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on London as a Global City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Bentham, (2010). Population of London set to hit 8.3m high, Evening Standard, 2010 Web. Available at: thisislondon.co. uk/standard/article-23838968-population-of-london-set-to-. Bloomberg (2010). Business week, top global cities 2010 Web. Available at: http://images.businessweek.com/ss/10/09/0928_best_global_cities_2010/3.htmhit-83m-high.do . City University, London (2010). Guidelines on the use of Display Screen Equipment Web. Available at: city.ac.uk/hr/policies/wellbeing/display.html. Durham, M. (2005). Abortion, Gay Rights and Politics in Britain and America: A Comparison, Parliamentary Affairs Vol. 58 No. 1, Hansard Society for Parliamentary Government 2005, pp 89-103 Henrion, N. (2010). Transportation Guide from Paris to London by Air, Rail and Road Web. Available at: suite101.com/content/transportation-guide-from-paris-to-london-by-air-rail-and-road-a266441. Kearney, A.T. (2010). Global cities index Web. Available at: atkearney.com/index.php/Publications/global-cities-index.html . Litman, T. (2006). London Congestion Pricing Implications for Other Cities. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, pp 8.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Packer, D. (2004). London: Heart of Empire and Global City Socialist Outlook: SO/04 –  Autumn 2004 Web. Available at: isg-fi.org.uk/spip.php?article260 . The Consolidated School District of New Britain ct, (2010). Britain Board of Education website Web. Available at: csdnb.org/#home. Uhlhorn, D. (2010). The fifth estate, Medical facilities: Translational research – from the  Bench to the bedside Web. Available at: thefifthestate.com.au/ .

Compensation policies and practices in any Saudi Company Essay

Compensation policies and practices in any Saudi Company - Essay Example The policy also holds that every employee should receive an employment contract specifying their levels of salary. This policy states that every employee of the company should receive a competitive salary and this is aims to ensure that the company is able to maintain a highly competitive workforce with high level of skills and expertise. Through this policy, it is able is able to establish a practice through which the appropriate salary is determined for all employees are therefore able to work competitively for the company. The second policy is the policy on range of salaries and on the method of payment. The range will be dependent on the level of qualification and the work experience that the employee has. The method of payment is monthly and will be dependent on the terms provided on the employment contract (PMU, 2013). Another policy that the company observes is the benefits policy which ensures that various benefits are offered to the employees. The benefits maintained in the benefits policy include an annual vacation for the employees, holidays for the employees provided by the company, offering insurance, savings and retirement plans for its employees, offering shipment for personal effects of the employees and assisting employees when undertaking their education. Another compensation policy that Saudi Aramco observes with regard to compensation of its employees is employee’s promotional policy which gives the well performing employees to higher levels in the company and this will entail a an increase in the amount of salary that the employee receives. The basis for promotion of the employees may also be upon the application for promotion by an employee. It may also be based on review of the academic records of the specific employee. Another compensation policy that south Aramco applies on its employees is overtime work policy. This policy ensures that the employees are compensated for the extra

Envisioning America & What Caused the Pueblo Revolt Essay - 3

Envisioning America & What Caused the Pueblo Revolt - Essay Example The Spanish and English colonists were similar in the sense that they viewed themselves as someone who is superior whereas the Pueblo people and the American Indians were inferior people which made them a victim of the colonists’ superiority complex. Considering the English colonization, the English colonists viewed the native tribes they had encountered in North America as a group of people with well-established economic activities and relations related to agriculture and hunting. With regards to North America, the English people viewed the country as a nation that has a lot of natural resources that could contribute to the economic success of the English people. In fact, it was in North America where the Europeans found new foods including potatoes, tomatoes, and squash (Mancall, 1995, p. 5). Using religion as a strategy to colonize the Pueblos, the Spanish colonists viewed the Pueblos as a group of people who is weak and can be easily forced to follow the Spanish religion. On the contrary, the American Indians and Pueblos viewed the English and Spanish colonists as abusive and dangerous intruders. Frontiers of inclusion means that the act of intermixing and dealings between the races is allowed whereas the frontiers of exclusion means that settling took place in such as way that people are not allowed to intermix with other race and culture (Hutchison, 2003). Upon reading the books written by Mancall and Weber, it is safe to conclude that the â€Å"frontiers of inclusion† and â€Å"frontiers of exclusion† play a part in the ways that the English and the Spanish conducted their settlements in a foreign land. In the case of the English people, they use of frontiers of exclusion when settling in another country or territory. This is the main reason why the group of English people who colonized North America viewed their native tribe Indians as a group of individuals not equal to their own people but of a lower race (Hutchison, 2003, Mancall,

Project Management in Safety, Security and Emergency Management Assignment

Project Management in Safety, Security and Emergency Management - Assignment Example Although, organizations fall into different industries, there are specific standards that define the operations, management, and control of reference organizations (Nollau, 2009). The National Fire protection Association (NFPA) 1600 is a standard that seeks to influence Business Continuity Plan development in different organizations. This paper defines, summarizes, and derives the impact of the NFPA 1600 standard on its impact on building a business Continuity Planning to restore stopped business operations at a warehouse. The 2013 edition of the NFPA 1600 is a standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs produced by the National Fire protection Association that can have an impact on Business Continuity Plan development (National Fire Protection Association, 2014). The NFPA 1600 standard enjoys the recognition of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States where it assumes the role of a National Preparedness Standard (National Fire Protection Association, 2014). Subject to its effectiveness, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security adopts the NFPA 1600 standard as a voluntary consensus standard for emergency preparedness. The National Fire protection Association produces different editions of the NFPA 1600 standard with an aim of addressing different issues. The 2013 edition addresses Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs (National Fire Protection Association, 2014). As such, the public, governments, private companies, non- profitable associations, and nongovernmental organizations rely on this standard to address local, national, regional, and global issues (Lindstrà ¶m, Samuelsson & Hà ¤gerfors, 2010). As such, the NFPA 1600 standard seeks to inform the audience or users of NFPA, standards, codes, guidelines, and recommended actions that the issuance of Tentative Interim

Project Management Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Management - Research Paper Example The project needs progressive elaboration that reveals and focuses details of the project through time (Meredith & Mantel, 2012). This makes projects distinguished from programs and operations. A program is a group of interrelated projects coordinated to obtain benefits and control that cannot be achieved when managing the projects individually. Operations are continued and repetitive activities that are carried to achieve mission of the organization without a definable end or unique output. Project management is a planned and organized one-time activity that achieves the specified goals. Developing project plan that covers defining project objectives and goals, specifying tasks, stating how goals will be achieved, the resources needed, budget, timelines for implementing and completing the project will ensure success of a project as planned. The following are the basic five phases in the project life cycle (Project, 2013). This is the opening or starting point of the project. The project is initiated by defining the reasons, the objectives and scope of it. The project team at this level proposes the solutions to be implemented, and the early budget. This gives a go for a project. The draft of the scope and objectives will help the team to work on the course without deviating. The draft schedule will also provide the timeline through wish the project is expected to be completed. This also helps the project team to get organized. Terms of references are also incorporated so that the team can know how and to whom referencing is made. This phase leads to another step. After the initiation phase and creating of drafts, the project management plan is designed. The plan will guide the team during project development and after. This step defines the required skills that will be in development team. It also describes the risk pal, non-labor resources, detailed action items and milestones. The is a need to

A Task on Geotechnics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Task on Geotechnics - Coursework Example Since in our case and , point L has such Figure 1. coordinates . At the same time, x coordinate of point M equals , while its z coordinate equals . Since in our case , , , and , point M has such coordinates . Points L and M are shown on Figure 1. We look for equation of the dam slope adjacent to the water reservoir in the form where and are constants. Since points L and M lie on this line, and can be found from the solution of the following system of equations (1) Solving the first equation of this system for we obtain the following . (2) Substituting the right hand side of equation (2) for in the second equation of system (1) we obtain the following . Therefore, . From equation (2) it follows that . Hence, the equation of the slope adjacent to the water reservoir has the following form:. The water level is equal to . Since and , the z coordinate of point A equals 43. Moreover, point A lies on line LM. Therefore, its x coordinate satisfies the following equation . Solving it for x we obtain that point A has such coordinates . In its turn, the difference between x coordinates of points L and A is the following:. Point F on the water surface at distance from point A has the following coordinates –. The difference between x coordinates of points F and O is the following: . ... Table 1. 0.2*H 0.4*H 0.6*H 0.8*H H x= -0,539 11,579 31,774 60,048 96,400 z= 8,600 17,200 25,800 34,400 43,000 Problem # 2 In the second problem we are supposed to correct the shape of the phreatic line in the vicinity of point A. Therefore, we draw a curve that intersects line LM at right angle and â€Å"meets the base parabola smoothly and tangentially at a convenient point say,† N (Vijayendra, 2010, p. 15). The final shape of the free surface is shown on Figure 2. Figure 2 Problem # 3 Curve KNA shown on Figure 3 is a free water surface. Hence, the pore water pressure along this line is constant and equal to the atmospheric pressure (Vijayendra, 2010, p. 11). We assume that the pore water is incompressible. The hydraulic head is given by such the expression where here and below is the water density, is the acceleration of free fall, is pressure of the pore water (Wikipedia, n. d.). Therefore, the head loss between any two points belonging to this curve is proportional to the difference in their vertical coordinates. Since curve KNA is a phreatic line, it is a flow line (Vijayendra, 2010, p. 11). Segment LO shown on Figure 3 is the interface between the soil and the impermeable boundary. Therefore, it is a flow line (Vijayendra, 2010, p. 4). We draw the equipotential lines that start at points , , , and N making smooth transitions between their â€Å"straight and curved sections† (Vijayendra, 2010, p. 5). These lines are perpendicular to flow lines LO and KNA, as it is shown on Figure 3. Segment LA shown on Figure 3 is the â€Å"soil and permeable boundary† interface. Therefore, it is an equipotential line (Vijayendra, 2010, p. 4). The toe drain is a pipe

Evidence of achievement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Evidence of achievement - Essay Example b. An understanding of work preferences is integral to developing a bond of understanding between the student, the mentor and the demands of the nursing profession itself. In addition to the outgrowth of trusting working relationships among professionals, the mentorship development program provides a 'safety net' to blunt the consequences of learners' errors. This supervision allows me to learn from my mistakes safely, while at the same time advancing to greater positions of responsibility to achieve integration. c. During internship, the practicalities of classroom fundamentals come into play as a physical reality. While it has long been said that hands-on training is the only means to achieve true comprehension of a functional task; having the intellectual background provides a stronger basis for 'jumping in' to new learning environments. It gives my supervisor-mentor an easier point of reference to begin the induction to new departments, and new learning environments as needed. .. . If the student has already completed a portion of a structured training program, and as the student progresses, the mentor will gain an appreciation for learning style, and be able to tailor instruction accordingly. b. Learning strategies are integral to academic success; but largely come from within the self, from the student's self-determination to advance themselves towards the purpose of becoming a true nursing professional. Having the added experience of having once been a beginner at the task at hand, the professional mentor has the ability to advise, and assist in the deployment of these strategies in a way that meshes most effectively with the particular demands of the position. c. A good mentor will be experienced with the inner workings of the learning process as it pertains to the nursing position at hand, and will be able to reflect on their own needs, questions, and uncertainties when the mentor was new at the position. This lets an effective supervisor-mentor to devise impromptu tests, questions, and brief quizzes, with no fore-knowledge of what was challenging for them personally. A strategy personally useful in learning is when the mentor/instructor gives a lesson, or hands-on demonstration followed by an immediate quiz. c. 3.) a. Professional growth is intertwined with personal growth within a modern nursing environment, as the student grows into a more complete person on an individual level, who becomes therefore also a competent nursing professional. Mentorship/supervision is essential in that it allows a safer means for the student to perform real medical procedures and care to gain an appreciation for the

Project Management Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Management - Research Paper Example The project needs progressive elaboration that reveals and focuses details of the project through time (Meredith & Mantel, 2012). This makes projects distinguished from programs and operations. A program is a group of interrelated projects coordinated to obtain benefits and control that cannot be achieved when managing the projects individually. Operations are continued and repetitive activities that are carried to achieve mission of the organization without a definable end or unique output. Project management is a planned and organized one-time activity that achieves the specified goals. Developing project plan that covers defining project objectives and goals, specifying tasks, stating how goals will be achieved, the resources needed, budget, timelines for implementing and completing the project will ensure success of a project as planned. The following are the basic five phases in the project life cycle (Project, 2013). This is the opening or starting point of the project. The project is initiated by defining the reasons, the objectives and scope of it. The project team at this level proposes the solutions to be implemented, and the early budget. This gives a go for a project. The draft of the scope and objectives will help the team to work on the course without deviating. The draft schedule will also provide the timeline through wish the project is expected to be completed. This also helps the project team to get organized. Terms of references are also incorporated so that the team can know how and to whom referencing is made. This phase leads to another step. After the initiation phase and creating of drafts, the project management plan is designed. The plan will guide the team during project development and after. This step defines the required skills that will be in development team. It also describes the risk pal, non-labor resources, detailed action items and milestones. The is a need to

Evidence of achievement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Evidence of achievement - Essay Example b. An understanding of work preferences is integral to developing a bond of understanding between the student, the mentor and the demands of the nursing profession itself. In addition to the outgrowth of trusting working relationships among professionals, the mentorship development program provides a 'safety net' to blunt the consequences of learners' errors. This supervision allows me to learn from my mistakes safely, while at the same time advancing to greater positions of responsibility to achieve integration. c. During internship, the practicalities of classroom fundamentals come into play as a physical reality. While it has long been said that hands-on training is the only means to achieve true comprehension of a functional task; having the intellectual background provides a stronger basis for 'jumping in' to new learning environments. It gives my supervisor-mentor an easier point of reference to begin the induction to new departments, and new learning environments as needed. .. . If the student has already completed a portion of a structured training program, and as the student progresses, the mentor will gain an appreciation for learning style, and be able to tailor instruction accordingly. b. Learning strategies are integral to academic success; but largely come from within the self, from the student's self-determination to advance themselves towards the purpose of becoming a true nursing professional. Having the added experience of having once been a beginner at the task at hand, the professional mentor has the ability to advise, and assist in the deployment of these strategies in a way that meshes most effectively with the particular demands of the position. c. A good mentor will be experienced with the inner workings of the learning process as it pertains to the nursing position at hand, and will be able to reflect on their own needs, questions, and uncertainties when the mentor was new at the position. This lets an effective supervisor-mentor to devise impromptu tests, questions, and brief quizzes, with no fore-knowledge of what was challenging for them personally. A strategy personally useful in learning is when the mentor/instructor gives a lesson, or hands-on demonstration followed by an immediate quiz. c. 3.) a. Professional growth is intertwined with personal growth within a modern nursing environment, as the student grows into a more complete person on an individual level, who becomes therefore also a competent nursing professional. Mentorship/supervision is essential in that it allows a safer means for the student to perform real medical procedures and care to gain an appreciation for the

Ethics of Autonomous Drones in the Military Essay Example for Free

Ethics of Autonomous Drones in the Military Essay She states that even the best and most trained soldiers that are in the midst of battle may not always be able to act accordingly with the battlefield rules of engagement that were stated by the Geneva Convention because of possible lashing out from normal human emotions such as anger, fear, resent, and vengefulness. The second major point Dean wants to show, by the views and studies of others, in her article is that with this possible step in our evolution of military technology we do not want to let this idea fade away. Another major point is if we do develop this technology how would we do so, and if not, would we regret not advancing in this field further many years from now. With all of this information Dean uses to present her ideas there are still major flaws such as, the majority of these ideas and beliefs are theoretical, they still have not been fully tested, there is error in all technologies, and where else would the technological advancements lead artificial intelligence. The first argument providing support for Dean’s major point comes from the research hypothesis and thoughts of a computer scientist at Georgia Institute of Technology named Ronald Arkin. Arkin is currently under contract by the United States Army to design software programs for possible battlefield and current battlefield robots. The research hypothesis of Arkin is that he believes that intelligent autonomous robots can perform much more ethically in the heat of the battlefield than humans currently can. Yet this is just a hypothesis and while there is much research done towards this hypothesis there are still no absolutely positive research information that states an autonomous robot drone can in fact perform better than any soldier on the ground or up in a plane could do. In Arkins hypothesis, he stated that these robots could be designed with no sense of self-preservation. This means that without one of the strongest fears for humans, the fear of death, these robots would be able to understand, compute, and react to situations with out outside extraneous emotions. Although the men and women designing these robot programs may be able to eliminate this psychological problem of scenario fulfillment, which will cause soldiers to retain information that is playing out easier with a bias to pre-existing ideas, it is not always the case that this happens to soldiers. You have to realize that from the second a soldier begins his training he is trained and taught to eliminate the sense of self-preservation. There are isolated incidents with soldier error, but they are and will be corrected by superior officers or their fellow soldiers. Another factor that affects Cornelia Dean’s arguments is that there are errors in all things including technology. Throughout history there have been new uses of technology in warfare but with these come problems and error flaws that have cause and can cause more casualties than needed. With the use of an Automated drone the belief by Dean is that it will be able to decide whether or not to launch an attack on a high priority target whether or not if the target is in a public are and will decide if the civilian casualties would be worth it. But what happens if that drone is only identifying the target and the number of civilians surrounding it? It will not be able to factor in what type of people would be around him such as men, women, or children and any variance of them. The error in this situation would be the drone saying the target is high enough priority and a missile is launched and the civilians were women and children around while a school bus was driving by. The casualties would then instantly out weigh the priority to eliminate a specific target and a human pilot would much easier abort a mission than a predetermined response of an autonomous robot. Although Ronald Arkin believes there are situations that could arise when there may not be time for a robotic device to relay back what is happening to a human operator and wait for how to respond in the situation that could complete a mission, it may be that second of time delay between the robot and human operator that the ethical judgment is made. Also the realization that many robots in which are operated by humans are widely used to detect mines, dispose of or collects bombs, and clear out buildings to help ensure extra safety of our soldiers is a way that robots are already used today as battlefield assistants supports Dean. But all of these machines in the field have moments of failure or error. When the machines do fail it takes a soldier who has trained for that experience to fix and then use it again. If an autonomous drone fails while on a mission it is completely by its self and no human operator to fix it. Then can arise the problem of enemies realizing they were even being monitored and they could gain access to our military technology and can eventually use it against us. Another major point that Cornelia Dean discusses upon is with this possible step in our evolution of military technology we do not want to let this idea fade away. A large part of that is if we do develop this technology how would we do so, and if not, how much would we regret or how much would it affect us for not advancing in this field further many years from now. The argument that if other countries advance upon this faster and better than the United States military we could become less of a world power and be more at risk of attack and war with greater human fatalities is not necessarily true. This situation is important in the sense of keeping up with the other world powers but I believe that the risk for reward is not worth the amount of damage and civilian casualties that could happen from any number of robotic drones and their possible errors. There is a possibility as the technology develops and robots become more and more aware to the point were, Arkin believes that, they can make decisions at a higher level of technological development. Yet if these autonomous robots truly can think for themselves and make decisions brings a whole new possibility of problems of what if the robot can decide something differently than what the developers originally had programmed. Also comes the actual use problem of can the government ethically accept that in early stages of use, even after extraneous testing, there may be accidental casualties. If a robot has any error of making decisions because of how new and un-tested they are any of the possibly terrible results would not be the responsibility of the robot but of the country and government that designed it. The supporting evidence of this article strongly shows that Cornelia Dean will hope that use of these ethically superior autonomous robots will be apart of our military in the near future before the United States fall behind to other super powers in the world. Yet with all of this information Dean uses to present her ideas there are still major flaws such as, the majority of these ideas and beliefs are theoretical, they still have not been fully tested, and that there is error in all technologies. With these major points being enforced with plenty of evidence throughout the article, and with all of the possible negative sides and errors of this argument, it is safe to say that this will be and is a controversial topic of discussion by many governments and all parties involved with this technological advancement.

Effect of State Control and High Taxes on Economic Growth

Effect of State Control and High Taxes on Economic Growth Theories pertaining to economic development, with particular regard to those suitable for developing countries, have changed significantly during the post Second World War era. These changes have affected the progress of developing economies, which, in this period, have grown with varying degrees of success; marked with notable successes and enormous failures. The formulation of economic policy for a country necessarily needs to deal with numerous issues, including, very importantly, a determination of the extent of state control in the economy. The last few decades have seen sharp differences in elements of economic policy and fluctuations in levels of state control between different countries, as well as in varying degrees of economic performance. State control in the formulation of economic policy characterised economic thinking from the early forties until the late seventies. Classical economists, influenced by thinkers like Rosenstein Rodan and Leibenstein, thought of economic development as a growth process that entailed the â€Å"systematic reallocation of factors of production from a low productivity, traditional technology, decreasing returns, mostly primary sector to a high productivity, modern, increasing returns, mostly industrial sector.† (Adelman, 1999) They also recognised that economic growth, in the long term, does not come about in a linear fashion and is distinguished by a number of stable equilibriums, one of which, the low income level trap, retards progress in underdeveloped economies. Low income and low growth equilibriums, which originally occurred because of low levels of infrastructural and productive capital, are perpetuated by low levels of economic growth, and compounded further by Malthusian population growth. In such situations, uncoordinated and unplanned investments do not, in the first instance, allow for achievements of scale, and along with low incomes, savings, and demand, result in trapping economies in low income level snares. (Adelman, 1999) Classical theorists argued that governmental action, investment in the public sector, and strong state control, were essential to take economies out of the unplanned and uncoordinated, low income, low growth and static equilibriums, to ones that were coordinated, dynamic, and capable of high growth and income. State ownership also had the support of socialist ideology, common planks adopted by the newly independent developing nations, partly on ideological considerations, and partly in reaction to the capitalist doctrines followed by their former colonial masters. Many governments felt strong state control to be the best route to safeguard economic independence and substitute the private sector’s deficiencies in skills, management knowledge, disinclination to take risks, and lack of resolve to take up long gestation projects. State owned enterprises were thought suitable for stabilising agricultural prices, providing employment, taking care of workers, controlling customer pri ces, and generating money that could be used for other public work. (Osterfeld, 1992) Much of the investment and economic policy followed by countries, mostly in the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa, arose out of this thinking, and resulted in huge investments in state run enterprises, as well as in the domination of the state in the making of economic policy. â€Å"During the 1960s and 1970s, the public sector grew rapidly in developing countries, with state-owned enterprises often accounting for most of the growth. This was especially true in developing countries that had recently gained independence.† (Miller, 1997) State ownership did not succeed for various reasons. Even though there was little to dispute in the logic behind its theory, or deny the significant infrastructure created in state run economies, these countries fared miserably in terms of GDP growth, inflation control, agricultural and industrial productivity, literacy improvement, elimination of income disparities, or poverty control. Prone to corruption, influenced by partisan elements, and notoriously inefficient and slow in their interventionist actions, governments came to be thought of to be particularly unsuitable for regulating economic policy or managing commercial companies. The widespread disillusionment with state control led to a neo classical reaction, characterised by a movement towards privatisation, like the one in the UK, during the Thatcher years. Supporters of neo classical economics stress that governmental control and intervention creates problems, rather than solutions, for underdeveloped countries, and furthermore, that liberalisation of trade is sufficient for inducing and motivating development, providing for economies of scale, and making the economy and industry internationally competitive. The optimal course of action for government is to minimise its role in economic policymaking, and improve the spread of market economies and efficiencies. A number of developing countries, racked with inflation, unemployment, sluggish growth, and burgeoning external debt, had to necessarily switch to neo classical economic policies, in the 1980s, many of them under the compulsion of the World Bank, and similar other international lending institutions . Government leaders also embraced privatisation because of their desire to (a) improve efficiency and productivity through private, as well as shared ownership, (b) enable managers to focus on economic and not social objectives, (c) eliminate political influence, (d) promote competition, (e) improve quality of goods and services and (f) reduce prices. Reducing state control, economists felt, would also lead to expansion of capital markets, augmentation of foreign inflows and investments, creation of additional sources of tax revenues, as well as reduction of subsidies and national debt. (Adelman, 1999) While privatisation in developing economies is into its second decade, progress has been uneven, and in some cases, even abysmal. In fact, countries like China and India, where governments play strong roles, have been able to achieve significantly high growth rates. Their governments decisively shifted emphasis to export promotion, pushed through institutional reforms, invested significantly in infrastructure, and engaged in selective industrial policy. Experts are now realising that uniform one-shoe-fits-all policies never work and economic policies have to take account of a number of variables to be relevant, and furthermore successful. The uneven success of many developing countries, even after embracing privatisation, has also led to a consensus that governments need to be strong, capable, and committed to carry through any sort of reforms, even those that deal with opening and liberalisation of economies. Furthermore, reduced state control appears to work better in economies wit h high rates of literacy, stable political environments, established legal systems, developed capital markets, and strong banking structures. Governments need to consider unique country specific attributes, be malleable, and play dynamic and changing roles in education, human capital formation, infrastructure, technology acquisition, setting up of institutions, and in the development of an honest and capable bureaucracy. The scope and ambit of governmental policy can be reduced sharply only after the domestic environment provides adequate savings and skills, entrepreneurs develop in skills, technology and capital formation, and institutions achieve maturity. While education, literacy and formation of human capital have to remain priorities, governments in developing economies need to initially work towards social development, and creation of institutions, as well as infrastructure. (Kiggundu, 2002) Economic policies, institutions, and governmental functions should allow structural change to occur on a continuous basis, and be ready to change with development; the role of government needs to be effective, not minimal. The tax policy of a country is a major component of its total economic policy, and serves the purpose of a tool to collect revenues for governmental spending and guide the growth path of the national economy, as well as sustain and increase its international competitiveness. While the primary role of taxation is to provide money for financing governmental work it also needs to perform other functions like attracting capital, stimulating growth, enable acquisition of technology, stimulate demand and galvanise the economy. While there is universal agreement on the necessity of taxes, there are differences on the levels of taxation regarded as optimal, as well as the point beyond which they cease to be economic drivers, and become dead burdens. In the traditional neo classical models of economic growth, taxation is thought to affect long term output, but not the rate of growth. (Leach, 2003) This theory, however, is being questioned by recent models, which iterate that taxation can affect incentives for investment in human or physical capital, and thereby, adversely influence the long term economic growth rate. Higher taxation takes away the incentive to save (a) by reducing the rate of return on savings, and (b) by reducing the income that generates savings. Lower savings in turn lead to lesser consumption, lowered demand for goods and services, and lesser capital investment, both at personal and corporate levels, and thus to under nourishment of the economy. While research studies have not been able to relate high rates of personal taxation induce individuals to work less, experience has shown that they motivate people to under declare income, manipulate expenses and indulge in falsehood. The same behavioural response holds good for business corporations and other taxpayers. Economies with very high tax rates like India have witnessed large scale evasion of taxes, hoarding of unaccounted wealth in an unproductive manner, and the emergence of a parallel, illegal, underground economy. Transfer of money from the private sector to the public sector through taxation results in making its use more inefficient. Streams of assured money to the public sector and the government pave the way for creation of further inefficiencies and misuse of funds. The reduced rate of growth also leads to a deadweight loss, a term used to explain the loss of output that would have taken place in the absence of tax. Deadweight costs (losses) go unnoticed, even by those who pay them, because instead of taking from people what they already have, they take from people what they would have had, but will never get. No one sees the extra output that would have been created by economic decisions made in the absence of higher taxes. (Leach, 2003) The incidence of deadweight loss, even if it is just half a percent of GDP, can work out to a phenomenal amount, especially if compounded over a period of several years. Several empirical studies have also revealed that economies with lower tax rates perform much better than those that have higher shares of tax. Thus, while developing economies undoubtedly need significant funds for infrastructural build-up it would be reasonable to assume that excessively high tax structures have the potential to retard economic growth and cause significant harm to growth of human capital and infrastructure, the very objectives they aim to achieve. 2. Public Sector Deficits Most economists agree that the role of the government, especially in the context of developing countries, is to form human capital and create infrastructure across educational, technological, financial, physical, environmental and social sectors. The obvious reason for this lies in the inability of private enterprise to do so. In addition to infrastructural development, public sector spending serves to create demand, stimulate growth, and help kick start economies. Funding for these expenses is primarily through collection of taxes, the shortfall being met either through national or international debt, consumption of foreign exchange reserves or printing of bills. Development that occurs because of funds obtained through deficit financing provides a solution to moving out of economic and low income stagnation. While the role of the public sector and its use of deficit financing is one of the tenets of Keynesian economics, many neo liberal economists argue that the theory is impractic al, has many fallacies, and needs to be avoided by developing economies. (Rangachari, 2001) Neo-liberals argue that excessive deficit financing of the public sector can lead to burgeoning of national or international debt, inflation, or foreign exchange crises, depending upon the method adopted. Increased local borrowing can also disincentivise private sector borrowing by sucking out money available with banks, and causing increases in interest rates. Furthermore, the money arranged through deficit financing is very likely to be inappropriately spent because of numerous demands upon public sector funds, political considerations, bureaucratic delays, and corrupt delivery systems. Government expenditure is complex, multifaceted and driven by opposing forces. The task of ensuring proper allocation of money, as well as its efficient usage, is often beyond the ability of career bureaucrats, and results in gross budgetary distortions, increasing deficits, persistently high inflation, high external debt, increasing incidence of tax, and retardation of economic growth. The main arguments advanced by the neo liberals is not against the theory of public spending but its implementation and management, particularly in large and federal systems with multi-tiered distribution mechanisms. While there is truth in their assertions, neo-liberals need to recognise that smaller East Asian economies like Singapore, Malaysia and South Korea have, at some point of time, resorted to deficit financing, but have still been able to achieve high growth rates through efficient fiscal discipline. The crux of the objections of the opposers of deficit financing lies not in the raising of money but in its inefficient and improper use. The success of deficit financing lies in the commitment of the concerned governmental agencies, and in ensuring that deficit financing is resorted to only to the extent necessary. Money raised through deficit financing should not be diverted to meet burgeoning administration expenditure, or to channels that do not aid development. It would be unjust to think of economists who object to the use of deficit financing, as dyed in the wool cynics who prefer markets to work as freely as they can, and furthermore, believe that governments should not favour any sector of the economy over the other. Their arguments are, for the most part, dependent upon the experiences of the last fifty years, wherein numerous governments resorted to unbridled state control, excessive taxation, and heavy deficit financing, with severe repercussions upon growth and development. It needs understanding that most of these countries were coming out of centuries of colonial suppression, had very little of physical and human capital; very often their leaders took decisions without adequate knowledge of the consequences of their decisions or of their ability to control the consequences of such decisions. â€Å"In practice, a state’s capabilities are often as important determinants of its actions as the theoretical rationale.† (Expenditure Policy, 2007) The situation is vastly different now and leaderships of developing countries are both knowledgeable and competent. There is no such thing as a universal doctrine in economics, and governments recognise that the application of one-shoe-fits-all theories, without taking account of individual considerations, has led to grievous and costly errors. The same rationale holds good of deficit financing and the solution is to be circumspect and prudent while using it; a blanket ban could do more harm than good and impede sincere growth efforts. As such, while deficit financing will often be necessary in framing the economic policies of developing nations, decision makers need to be doubly careful about its use and focus on imperatives, namely (a) the formation of human and physical capital, (b) the creation of public and business infrastructure, (c) the build up of banking systems, capital and commodity markets, and economic institutions, (d) the elimination of unnecessary non developmental a nd administrative expenditure, and (e) the creation of a competent, honest and accountable bureaucracy. Such precautions will go a long way towards eliminating the risks associated with high deficits and enable growing nations to make optimum use of the money made available. Bibliography Adelman, A, 1999, The role of government in economic development, University of California at Berkeley, Retrieved May, 3, 2007 from are.berkeley.edu/~adelman/Finn.pdf Beard, A., 1997, World Bank Reconsiders Role of Government: Report Displays Respect for Regulation. The Washington Times, Choudhury, S. R., 1999, Is Privatisation Really the Answer?. African Business 26+. Das, D. K., 2004, Financial Globalization and the Emerging Market Economies. New York: Routledge. Eltis, W., 2000, The Classical Theory of Economic Growth. New York: Palgrave. Expenditure Policy, 2007, The World Bank, Retrieved May 3, 2007 from web.worldbank.org//EXTPEAM/0,,contentMDK:20233612~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:384393,00.html Ferleger, L. A., Mandle, J. R., 1993, No Pain, No Gain: Taxes, Productivity, and Economic Growth. Challenge, 36(3), 11+. Growth and Trade in Africa Are Lifting People out of Poverty Faster Than Gleneagles Debt Cancellation., 2006, Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales), Kiggundu, M. N., 2002, Managing Globalization in Developing Countries and Transition Economies: Building Capacities for a Changing World. Westport, CT: Praeger. Leach, G, 2003, The negative impact of taxation on economic growth, IOD, Retrieved May 3, 2007 from www.reform.co.uk/filestore/pdf/negativeimpact.pdf Medium-Term Prospects and Policy Issues in Developing Countries., 1990, 61+. Miller, A. N., 1997, Ideological Motivations of Privatization in Great Britain versus Developing Countries. Journal of International Affairs, 50(2), 391+. Osterfeld, D., 1992, Prosperity Versus Planning: How Government Stifles Economic Growth. New York: Oxford University Press. Pietrobelli, C. Sverrisson, à . (Eds.)., 2003, Linking Local and Global Economies: The Ties That Bind. New York: Routledge. Rangachari, A, 2001, Spur economy through deficit financing, the Hindu, Retrieved May 3, 2007 from www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/20/stories/0620013h.htm Timmer, C. P. (Ed.)., 1991, Agriculture and the State: Growth, Employment, and Poverty in Developing Countries. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. World Economy Doing Good; Developing Africa, Asia Show Growth., 2006, The Washington Times, p. A17.