Should The Residency Status Of Students Affect The Amount...

When it comes to drinking, college goes hand in hand. Or that is the case for a majority of colleges. For almost every state school or university alcohol is present and looked at as something you are supposed to partake in while you are attending. But there are some schools where they require their students to abstain from alcohol consumption. In this study, researches will be conducting an experiment to see if the residency status of students has an effect on the amount of alcohol consumed. By studying the impact of residency status (living on or off campus) at a school that prohibits alcohol consumption among the students, the results of the study may shed light on the effectiveness of forced abstanance from alcohol. A persons will to abstain from alcohol at college is very different from when they were living at home because of one main factor. According to Baer (1994) one primary factor relating to alcohol consumption is their residency status. They live with individuals who are more likely to partake in drinking and persuade others to do so as well. At larger schools the social aspect of fraternaties and sororities is often centered around drinking. Students living with other students, or living in fraternaty and sorority houses are all living away from their parents. Studys have shown that students who live with their parents were less likely to show an increase in drinking according to Cacciola (2014). This could be due to the fact that they are being watched over byShow MoreRelatedThe High Cost of Cheap Labor10249 Words   |  41 PagesCampaigns and Elections, and The Public Interest. His most recent work published by the Center for Immigration Studies includes: Immigration in a Time of Recession: An Examination of Trends Since 2000; Where Immigrants Live: An Examination of State Residency of the Foreign-Born; Back Where We Started: An Examination of Trends in Immigrant Welfare Use Since Welfare Reform; and The Open Door: How Militant Islamic Terrorist s Entered and Remained in the United States, 1993-2001. About the Center TheRead MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 PagesMarital Status 14 Town Or Country 15 Table 3 Population by Age: 2005-2009 15 Table 4 Population by Age: 2010-2020 16 Table 5 Male Population by Age: 2005-2009 16 Table 6 Male Population by Age: 2010-2020 16 Table 7 Female Population by Age: 2005-2009 16 Table 8 Female Population by Age: 2010-2020 17 Table 9 Population by Ethnic Groups: 2005-2009 17 Table 10 Population by Ethnic Groups: 2010-2020 17 Table 11 Population by Marital Status: 2005-2009 17 Table 12 Population by Marital Status: 2010-2020Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesWindows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Used herein under license. 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O. ââ€"   To Carol, Allie, and TeriRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages . . . . . . . 311 Vroom’s Expectancy Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Behavior Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Goal-Setting Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 How Should Managers Motivate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 14—Leadership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 What Is Leadership? . .Read MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pages(b) the director of an art museum providing new exhibits to generate greater attendance and financial support (c) a labor union marketing its idea to members and to company management; and (d) professors trying to make their courses interesting for students. In addition to the range of items normally considered as products and services, wh at is being marketed might include (a) ideas such as reducing air pollution or contributing to the red cross (b) people, such as new football coach or a politicalRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand research. The wider the range in the numbers, the more it is grounded in estimates and educated guesses. The most voluminous transoceanic and transcontinental flows came out of Europe. The exodus of 73 million Europeans during this period amounts to the largest global redistribution of human population of any time, and arguably the most significant since the species’ original exodus from Africa insofar as it ushered the modern world and shaped its geography. 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Music Can Help Us Boost Our Abilities And Concentration

Music can help us boost our abilities and concentration. In this article we have chosen 8 most important questions how music affects brain. Image Credit 1. Can music make us happier? Music is as much expressive as normal human language. Since music carries much more powerful emotional charge than the real-life events, modern psychologists use it for the therapy. It can be explained by positive impact on the human nervous system. Emotions that rise during the process of listening to the music can be divided into two types - perceived and felt. This means that a person is able to understand the mood of a piece of music, even if he had never experienced such feelings in real life. So, when someone is in depression, happy music only makes it worse. On the contrary, sad music makes a person fell better. 2. How the background noise affects the quality of the work? When you doing something routinely and boring you just put on the headphones, expose the desired volume, select the desired playlist and press a button  «play ». Wherever, when it comes to work that requires activation of the right hemisphere (to do something creative), loud music is unlikely to help. As it turned out, the average noise level is a catalyst for creativity. The background noise stimulated abstract thinking and boost creativity. That is why public places such as cafes, summer playgrounds and parks are so attracted for creative people. When the noise level is too high it overloads the human brainShow MoreRelatedEffects of Music on the Mind1350 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Music on the Mind The study of how music affects the mind has been a subject of interest for many. The interconnection between music and the physical and mental health of human beings has been researched on since long. Research has concluded that music does have positive effects on our mind. It has the power of healing certain ailments. Indian classical music has been found to have the strongest healing powers. Music has a calming effect on the mind. It is known to speed the recoveryRead MoreThe Healing Power of Music Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesUsually, when one considers what they can do to fight off a cold, relieve pain, or alleviate mental illness, the first things that comes to mind may be to take over-the-counter drugs or prescribed medications. However, the cure to these and many other infirmities may be found within your own ipod. Music, in its many forms, can and should be used as a healing instrument. While it may not completely alleviate the need for drugs, its possible that music therap y could accompany medical drug use in orderRead MoreStress Relief for College Students1233 Words   |  5 Pageslong term and builds up it can be a problem. It can be detrimental to your mental and physical health. Stress can cause things to happen with your body such as a high blood pressure, headaches, stomach ulcers, weaker immune system, muscle and joint pain and more. (â€Å"Effects of Stress†, May 2013, para. 2) It can also affect you mentally such as it makes you more tired, you become more frustrated, your personality can change, more anger and many more problems. (para 2) It can even lead to having a panicRead MoreThe Flavored Of Music And Exercise1668 Words   |  7 PagesConcoction of Music and Exercise Music has a greater impact in our lives than we realize. Music is everywhere we go and is listened to on a daily basis, which affects us in different ways. Music is incorporated into different aspects of living such as a work environment, sports games, while studying, in the car, or while doing exercise. Incorporating music into exercise has been proven to make exercising in any environment more fun, boost one’s mood, increasing motivation, and varying heart rateRead MoreBrain Training970 Words   |  4 Pagesit or lose it† applies to more than just the muscles in our bodies -- it also applies to the neural pathways and connections in our brains. There are a variety of exercises and activities that can successfully work each of the brain’s five major cognitive functions on a daily basis. In addition to the tasks you can perform daily, you can also train your brain with HAPPYneuron online brain games and a personalized brain fitness program. Our minds consist of five main cognitive functions: †¢ memoryRead MoreSimple Steps to Keeping Your Mind Sharp600 Words   |  3 Pagesconstant occurrences can be alarming. Memory lapses can occur at any age, like unable to recall a familiar name during a conversation or can’t remember what you should be getting in the closet. 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One of the most recent and remembered of theseRead MoreLaughter And Music Can Give You Overall Better Health3116 Words   |  13 PagesHow Laughter and Music can give you overall better health Laughter and music are very important in many people’s lives. Whether it is a funny joke, seeing something that’s amusing, or starting the day listening to a favorite song, Laughter and music can make a person feel good. Not many people realize the health benefits that come with laughter and music; both can affect a person’s health in a positive way. This research paper will explain the ways that both laughter and music can affect the way one’sRead MoreSocial Inequality And Its Impact On Academic Achievement1560 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is built on one thing, social mobility. It is this that allowed one to come here with nothing and go from poor to middle class and beyond. It is what has defined us as a nation for so long and it is what drew so many of millions of immigrants to our shores. But as the social wealth gap grows larger and larger we must ask ourselves where this opportunity has gone for so many. Why is it that so many are faili ng to achieve this once so imaginable dream? What is causing the decreaseRead MoreMusic And Music Therapy ( N.a.m.t ) Essay1826 Words   |  8 PagesMusical Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Music, even in situations of the greatest of horror, should never be painful to the ear but should flatter and charm it, and thereby always remain music.† (Mozart). Music is pervasive in everyday life. It is used as a means of communication. It allows us to better oneself, and continues to be an outlet for creativity that is ever changing in this era. The use of music in a therapy session dates back to ancient times and has even been discovered in ancient biblical scriptures

Being a Volunteer Free Essays

One year ago I knew almost nothing about this word and it meant almost nothing for me. But this summer I had great, as I think, experience of voluntary working in an international work-camp. Now every time I hear the word â€Å"volunteer† I recall two really interesting and full of events weeks in a country with an magnificent name – Montenegro. We will write a custom essay sample on Being a Volunteer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Here, in my composition, I could tell you about this camp, about the country and its culture, about the work we did. But I’d like to tell you about being a volunteer in international work-camps itself.Further you can find my thoughts about it and about why people take part in such projects based on my own experience. First of all, what is an international work-camp? This is a project within the bounds of which young people from different countries gather together in some country and do some society-useful work for no money. The work can range from restoration of build-ings to teaching local children English. The work is unpaid so you can ask: â€Å"Why do they do this? This work is, of course, useful for society, but it’s useful for another’s country society not for their own coun-try’s. There can’t be the only answer for such a question, every person, who once was a volunteer, has his or her own reason for it. I’d like to start with description of most popular reasons and then tell you my own ones. I think everybody agrees that most of young people like traveling a lot. They want to see many different countries, to know their cultures. This is a well-known fact. But how they are going to do it is a matter of a choice. There’s a wide variety of ways but not everybody can afford to go on holidays every time somewhere abroad or to take studies abroad. So you can save your money by being a volunteer. Because you have to pay only for getting to the place where a project is or-ganized and you’ll be provided with free food and free accommodation for working 3-5 hours a day. Another reason is quite obvious. It springs from an original purpose of any voluntary activity – some people really care of poor children in the middle of nowhere, for example, in Africa or Latin America, and some people are really concerned about environment pollution.Next reason is the fact that such camp is a great opportunity to know culture of a country where camp is organized. Usually camps are located in small towns or even in the villages. While living there you can communicate with locals who are, usually, more friendly than inhabitants of big cities and who will tell you a lot of things about their country, who can prepare some national meals for you and so on. As for me, I have a mix of all these and not only these reasons.While thinking over an opportunity to take part in such a project I thought: â€Å"Why not to go there? I could practice my English, because it’s a work-language of any work-camp. I could find new friends there; because not everybody agrees to work for no money, and it means that we already have something that can make us friends. And I won’t need lots of money. † And now I can say that I was right! Work-camp is a place for communication. You have to socialize with everybody there, you have to be very friendly there if you don’t want to be alone for two weeks.During the project we discussed really different topics from our own lives to chances of Turkey to be accepted to EU. That’s was great two weeks. I’m absolutely sure if I have an opportunity to take such a project one more time I will do it. I’d like to go to some countries I like and for me this is one of the best ways to do it. And I hope that one day group of young people from all over the world will go to Baikal to a work-camp and will spend there marvelous time. How to cite Being a Volunteer, Papers

Analyse Role Of A Success Clinical Leader In Healthcare Profession

Question: Discuss about the Analyse Role Of A Success Clinical Leader In The Healthcare Profession. Answer: Health care is a complex system which involves a large number of individuals and organisations. In order to function effectively the clinicians are required to understand these inter-connected complex pathways and systems of care. Moreover, they must also remain comfortable while working both with and within, these inter-regulated systems for the overall benefit of the patients. The following essays aims to in order make effective change in practise and improvement of the quality of care while working in sync with different organisations and group of professionals. Overview of different styles of leadership According to Gleeson (2018), effective leadership is an integral part of any organisations and not all the situations demands same leadership styles. The leaders adapt changes in the leadership styles based on the surrounding environments and thereby empower the team to succeed. Some of the unique approach of leadership styles as stated by Gleeson (2018) is illustrated below in tabular format Having faith in your beliefs Making hard choices Earning respect of the team members: Not taking all the credits Knowing the team from the core: Recognising talents Recognising the members of the team as the key towards success: Extracting the best from the team Having a clear and articulate vision Pushing the members of the team to achieve their best: Cultivating an Environment for growth Serving for a greater cause Focusing on helping the members of the team: education, motivation and delegation Never to lead by force: Leading by example and inspiring without intimidation Table: Traits of an effective leader (Source: Gleeson 2018) Clinical leadership in nursing According to the reports published by the National Health Service (NHS), Institute of Innovation and Improvement (2011), the health systems round the world is gradually grappling with the task of delivering system-wide evidence based approach, person centred care along with effective and efficient mode of care models. Clinical leadership particularly in the domain ofnursing profession is proposed to be an integral pillar towards reaching this potential goal (NHS Leadership Academy 2013). According to Ogrin and Barrett (2015), there is no definite definition of clinical leadership however role of a clinical leader summarise to the process of developing a culturally competent environment and then leading a set of tasks for continuous improvements of the quality and safety of service delivery model of healthcare to the service consumers. Effective mode of clinical leadership encompasses individuals with accurate skills and traits at all spheres of the organisation along with prime focus on the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary service delivery model Ogrin and Barrett (2015). According to Ogrin and Barrett (2015), the nurses who are under the formal leadership position like the nurse managers are of the opinion that the clinical leadership attributes they required in their roles fall under the three main areas namely personal attributes, team attributes and capabilities. Personal attributes Having sound confidence in the ability of self to procure best practise Nimble in the domain of effective communication Emotional intelligence Team attributes Encouragement of trust and commitment among the team members via valuing skills and expertise of others. Increasing the focus of the team members Capabilities Building and maintaining steady relationships among the team members Encouraging contribution from other members of the team Creating a clear direction of progress and ability to serve as a role model My perspective in clinical leadership innursing is solely based on the Clinical Leadership Competency Framework of NHS Leadership Academy. According to NHS, the core traits that must be executed among the a clinical leader innursing profession is demonstration of personal qualities, working with others, managing services, improving services and setting directions. All these traits highlighted by the NHS under clinicalleadership in nursing profession related with the core principles of the leadership models and thus can be prove to be effective in achieving desired quality outcomes. Leadership characteristics influencing practise change in quality improvement The importance of the application of effective clinical leadership in order to ensure quality health care system that constantly provides efficient and safe care has been restricted in the domain of the scholarly literature only an in other reports of the governmental publications. At present, commission, inquiries and reports have promoted the engagement of the clinician and clinical leadership as the principal pillar of achieving along with sustaining the improvement in the domain of quality care patient safety (Daly et al. 2014). According to Ogrin and Barrett (2015) organisations are now beginning to embrace the model of clinical leadership in order to improve the quality of care. According to Ennis, Happell and Reid?Searl (2015), clinical leadership helps in the quality improvement via reinforcing the importance of delivering individualised evidenced-based care model to the clients. Research have demonstrated that the model of clinical leadership can lead towards the possible ga teway of improved outcomes with more positive experience coming from the consumers of the health care and thereby contributing towards the recruitment and retention of the nursing staffs. According to Davidson, Elliott and Daly (2006), effective clinical leaders use confident and calm approach under clinical situations. This type of approach helps to achieve positive clinical outcomes on the patients along under crisis situations or other unplanned events under the healthcare settings. This improvement of the outcome during the crisis situation helps to increase the overall quality of the health-care model. Swanwick and McKimm (2011) opined that execution of the clinical leadership models that vouches for the confident and clam approach during the emergency situation helps in the establishment of effective therapeutic leadership and thereby promoting effectiveness of the output of the multidisciplinary team and thereby helping to improve the overall health outcome of the patients. I n the domain of health improving the health outcome, Swanwick and McKimm (2011) opined that comprehensive healthcare cannot be delivered by a single healthcare professionals but demands a complex systems working in concert that both tenured and novice healthcare professionals. Thus one-to-one clinical leadership is not enough; quality care involves effective participation of multidisciplinary team along with assistance from the trainee professionals. This comprehensive support apart from improving the overall health outcomes also facilitated proving effective training with the newly enrolled healthcare professionals and thereby helping to upgrade the system as a whole. This gives an evidence towards teaching of nursing leadership from the perspectives of management. Ennis, Happell and Reid?Searl (2015) further opined that clinical leadership is also proved to be effective in procuring quality mental health. Effective clinical leaders enrolled under the mental health nursing can faci litate more positive environment and thus potentially contributing both the patients and the newly enrolled nurse to develop positive attitudes towards the care plan and the services being offered. However, the NHS in UK is now focusing on empowerment of the clinicians and the front line employees in order to refine their decision making capabilities via working in unison with sharing of information via active communication (Ogrin and Barrett 2015). Davidson, Elliott and Daly (2006) further stated that systematic strategic initiatives are important in order to develop effective clinical leadership model. These systematic strategic strategies are required to be undertaken under collegial collaborations between the health care and the academic sectors and thus helping to provide united strength for making advancement in the nursing profession. Critical analysis of the interview In order to enquire more detailed about how leadership characteristics can influence practice change, and what are the important traits of the clinical leaders in the healthcare organisations, I have interviewed two nurses with experience in nursing leadership (the interview question are provided in the appendix). Response to first question In response to the first question nurse (1) replied, First of all, I would like to say that I admired my on-job trainer as my leader role model in my nursing profession and the main trait executed by her which I admired most is working effectively with others as a team. I think this attitude of her helped in building and maintaining relationships with the other members of the teams and thereby helping to deliver quality service along with increasing the team bonding. I think what nurse (1) opined in relation to question 1 is absolutely relevant in the domain of clinical leadership model. According to NHS Institute of Innovation and Improvement (2011), it is the duty of the healthcare professionals to execute leadership via developing networks via working in partnership with their representatives, colleagues, patients, carers, service users. This in turn helps to improve the quality of service and at the same time helps to promote sharing of information among the resources. It also he lps to create opportunities to bringing individuals or group of individuals together in order to achieve a defined set of goals and thus explaining the qualities of exemplary nurse leaders. Though nurse (1) have only state her comments based on her perspective of the subordinated working under the leader, it also has an emotional intelligence approach. According to Tomey (2009), creating association with the patients and their family of carers help to develop care plan through informed decision-making. In response to question (1), nurse (2) came up with that one of th'e important traits of her role model of nursing leadership is setting directions. She said that, My role model as a leader was able to identify the contexts for change and this he used to do via anticipating and preparing for the future consequences via scanning for new ideas along with best practices and emerging trends that will helpful to cast an significant impact on health outcomes. He also used to apply the knowledge and evidence-based approach towards framing the care plan while influencing others to make proper use of the knowledge and evidence to achieve the best possible results. I thing, the issues highlighted by nurse (1) extremely evident in the present days scenario. This is because, according to DiCenso, Guyatt and Ciliska (2014), application of evidence-based approach is an unique approach in nursing care as it provides the nurse with new tools for evaluating the nursing literature and clinical scenari os and then developing the care plan based on that approach. Thus, this aspect of clinical leadership helps in the improvement of the literature based knowledge of the healthcare professionals and thereby helping them to devise the care plan in accordance to the prevailing outcomes and standards. Melnyk et al. (2012) further opined that nurse leaders or the educators must provide opportunities regarding the EBP while facilitating supportive culture to achieve effective clinical decision making. Response to second question In response to second question, nurse (1) is of the opinion that she as a nursing leader always try to work effectively with her team members. She said that, I always try to work along with my team members in order to improve the overall service. She also said that the first thing which I keep in mind while working in unison with my team members is ensuring the safety of my patients while critically evaluating the vital parameter of the patients health outcomes. She also stressed over the fact that while working in with her team members she always encourages improvement and innovation. She said that, It is the role of a leader to encourage innovative approach among the team mates and this helps to increase the participation among the team members while increasing the increase in the flow of the effective information and thereby helping to increase the overall health outcomes. As per my understanding, the main clinical leadership model practise by nurse (1) is improvement of the overa ll service delivery via encouraging effective participation of the team members and effective flow of the information. According to Weng et al. (2015), it is the duty of the leader to promote learning and developmental opportunities via creating and promoting opportunities for colleagues. This will in turn help to generate open debatable ideas and there encouraging change, and improvement in practise. Moreover, an efficient clinical leader must systematically appraise the evolving practise via acknowledging the team members who have given effective contribution towards framing of that practise. This in turn will help to earn respect from the team members as taking all the credit may demotivate or generate unrest among the subordinate team members. Nurse (2) also opined that towards the improvement of the quality of care, she trains and subordinates locally and engages them under local networks to practice and publicise good practise thus improving effective treatment. As per opinion her clinical leadership model as an influence of the transformational leadership in nursing profession. According to Weng et al. (2015) the role of the transformational leadership is to foster nursing innovation via improvement in the organizational climate. Her aspect of the leadership model facilitated transformation and thus further providing the reference of transformational leadership model in her clinical leadership framework. However, she did not highlight the strategies that she undertakes in order to review patient satisfaction. According to Martin et al. (2012) under the domain of clinical leadership, it is the role of the leader to consult with the senior colleagues to review the patient satisfaction in order to develop strategies for implementing and thereby managing innovative solutions within the organizations. Nurse (2) opined she apply her clinical leadership skills towards managing the service in an effective manner. Via managing the service, she opined that she manages her people, available resources along with the management of the performance. I think, this is another important attribute of the nursing leader under the clinical practice. This is because as per the findings of the NHS (2011), it is the duty of the member of the management team towards contributing development of the business and this development of business in healthcare is achieved via initiating along with proper collaboration and ola ning of service improvement projects. Response to third question In response to third question both nurse (1) and nurse (2) said that their leadership approach towards under the ethics of the clinical leadership model framework helps in comprehensive management of the recourses and thereby helping to manage the performance. They also said that the proper management of the performance is done via critical evaluation of the service procured and this helped them to bring further improvement and innovation into the overall system. I think, what they have opined is indeed significant towards bringing a crucial practice change in the health care system but according to Gantz et al. (2012), further setting of goals and pushing members of the team towards more improved outcomes along with helping them to work in unison in a confident and compose manner will help to critically manage the crisis situation. Moreover, I also feel that they must also not preach leadership via force and must practice leadership via inspiring without intimidations as this will i ncrease the sense of participation and satisfaction. Thus from the above discussion it can be concluded that the practise of clinical leadership helps to impose proper practise change in the healthcare organisations and thereby helping to improve the quality of care among the patients and the family of carers. However, from the interview it is evident that the nursing leader must further emphasise on the more improved outcomes via asking their team members to work under calm, composed and confident manner and thereby improving the overall health outcomes during the crisis situation. References Daly, J., Jackson, D., Mannix, J., Davidson, P. and Hutchinson, M., 2014. The importance of clinical leadership in the hospital setting.Journal of Healthcare Leadership. Davidson, P.M., Elliott, D. and Daly, J., 2006. Clinical leadership in contemporary clinical practice: implications for nursing in Australia.Journal of Nursing Management,14(3), pp.180-187. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G. and Ciliska, D., 2014.Evidence-Based Nursing-E-Book: A Guide to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ennis, G., Happell, B. and Reid?Searl, K., 2015. Clinical leadership in mental health nursing: The importance of a calm and confident approach.Perspectives in psychiatric care,51(1), pp.57-62. Gantz, N.R., Sherman, R., Jasper, M., Choo, C.G., HERRIN?GRIFFITH, D.O.N.N.A. and Harris, K., 2012. Global nurse leader perspectives on health systems and workforce challenges.Journal of Nursing Management,20(4), pp.433-443. Gleeson. B., 2018. 10 Unique Perspectives On What Makes A Great Leader. Forbes. Access date: 6th April. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/brentgleeson/2016/11/09/10-unique-perspectives-on-what-makes-a-great-leader/2/# Martin, J.S., McCormack, B., Fitzsimons, D. and Spirig, R., 2012. Evaluation of a clinical leadership programme for nurse leaders.Journal of Nursing Management,20(1), pp.72-80. Melnyk, B.M., Fineout-Overholt, E., Gallagher-Ford, L. and Kaplan, L., 2012. The state of evidence-based practice in US nurses: critical implications for nurse leaders and educators.Journal of Nursing Administration,42(9), pp.410-417. NHS Institute of Innovation and Improvement., 2011. Clinical Leadership Competency Framework. NHS Leadership Academy. Access date: 6th April. Retrieved from: https://www.leadershipacademy.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/NHSLeadership-Leadership-Framework-Clinical-Leadership-Competency-Framework-CLCF.pdf NHS Leadership Academy., 2013. Healthcare Leadership Model: The nine dimensions of leadership behaviour. Version: 1.0 Access date: 6th April. Retrieved from: https://www.leadershipacademy.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/NHSLeadership-LeadershipModel-colour.pdf Ogrin, R. and Barrett, E., 2015. Clinical leadership and nursing.Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal,23(2), p.45. Swanwick, T. and McKimm, J., 2011. What is clinical leadership and why is it important?.The clinical teacher,8(1), pp.22-26. Tomey, A.M., 2009. Nursing management and leadership.USA: Mosby Elsevier. Weng, R.H., Huang, C.Y., Chen, L.M. and Chang, L.Y., 2015. Exploring the impact of transformational leadership on nurse innovation behaviour: A cross?sectional study.Journal of nursing management,23(4), pp.427-439.

Models for International Business

Introduction In the current age of globalization and its impact on businesses, organizations are growingly embracing business internationalization as a strategic way of succeeding in the global market. In fact, companies have adopted different approaches to globalization so that they could gain competitive advantage in new international market and tremendously improve their financial performance outcomes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Models for International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The management teams of business organizations cannot ignore globalization, which explains their focus in developing global strategies guided by international business models (Schott 647). There have been shifts in international business as emerging markets increase their influence at the global stage. In addition, intense competition in local markets have made business establishments shift to global markets. Major international business organizations indicate a change of trend in global business, which would eventually result in economic power shift. Consequently, most organizations, both small and big increasingly evaluate the potential of international markets and implement strategies to facilitate global expansion. The retail industry is among those expanding at a high rate and saturation as well as increasing competition in the traditional markets highlights the need for international expansion. The current study focuses on the internationalization strategies adopted by Wal-Mart in its expansion to emerging markets under the three main models for international business. Wal-Mart – organizational background Wal-Mart is the leading multination organization in the retail industry with its headquarters in the United States. With annual revenue of more than $421 billion and sustained profitability, the company has a substantial financial basis to pursue its internationalization strateg ies. The company employees over 2 million employees worldwide, the company is the biggest employer in the private sector. The high number of employees and excellent financial results demonstrate that the firm has successfully utilized international business models to enter new international markets. Sam Walton founded the company in 1962 with a mission of selling products to customers at a discount to enable them lead a better life. The expansion of the company was based on establishing stores in small towns initially and grew to its current multinational status. Currently, the company has operations in more than fifteen countries in the developed and developing regions. The growth strategy of the company resulted in rapid expansion over the years and the internalization models have been vital in ensuring success in the global markets (Schott 648).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore Models for business internationalization and application in Wal-Mart The current analysis of Wal-Mart’s internationalization is based on the three major models. These are the stage (Upsalla) model, the network model of internationalization and the transactional cost analysis model (Doherty and Tranchell 166). The Stage (Uppsalla) model The model was developed by Swedish researchers in 1970. The researchers were based at the University of Upsalla, and they focused their research studies on Swedish manufacturing companies. According to the model, the underlying principle of an organization’s decision-making process is the objective of achieving sustainable growth and profitability through strategic development when working under the lowest risk levels. Through the model, Wal-Mart and other multinationals choose the market for expansion and mode of entry. Expansion approaches enable companies to identify untapped markets, which could be used to increase their revenu es. The mode of entry that firms utilize to establish themselves in new markets is essential because it helps to project the future performance outcomes in the new markets. The model advocates for business internationalization to begin from the nearest markets because it is easy to understand the opportunities and operate at low-risk levels (Doherty and Tranchell 166). The model considers psychic distance, which refers to variations in the political system, language and culture. The model guides the company in choosing the entry method such as direct exportation, licensing, joint venturing and having fully owned subsidiaries. Other entry methods are vital with successive approaches in ensuring success. In moving to international markets, the company makes three major considerations. First, is the level of market commitment, which determines the level of resources invested in the new market. Second, the company considers the general knowledge, which the company can use in establishin g business in the international market. This has been possible considering the company’s long term experience through operations on other international markets. Third, the company considers human resources capabilities and another resource capacity to improve knowledge levels, creating more value and ensuring stronger commitment (Schott 649).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Models for International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The transactional cost analysis model According to this model transactional processes are the main determinants in business internationalization. Using this approach, business expansion to the global market continues to the level where there is a balance between internal and external cost of doing the transaction. Using this model, the minimization of cost is at the center of every decision made for expansion. In its internationalization strategies, the company integrat es processes to its internal structure as a way of minimizing transaction costs. The analysis process considers aspects of market searching, contracting, monitoring and enforcement of the internationalization, which contribute to the overall transaction costs. The company considers costs going to the search process, which includes the collection of information to determine and analyze possible export intermediaries. Contacting cost considered include negotiating and formalizing of business agreements between the company and its international markets. Monitoring costs result from monitoring the internationalization agreement to ensure that every requirement is fulfilled. Enforcement costs result from ensuring the actual implementation and managing for reluctant partners in implementing internationalization agreement. The network model of internationalization The network model on business internationalization portrays the global industry comprising of other organizations involved in t he production distribution and consumption of products and services. In the network, organizations are connected to one another through the exchange of goods and services. In other words, the model asserts that no company could thrive in an international market without relying on the products and/or services of other organizations. The basis for analysis in the network is the transaction between firms. Indeed, in its expansion, Wal-Mart relies on the wider network to get resources some of which are controlled by other stakeholders and need effective coordination for expansion to be effective. Effective coordination between companies results in mutual interactions to achieve positive sustainable growth and survival in the business. The network model for internationalization highlights major aspects that link companies in the global market, such as technical, cognitive, legal, social, administrative and economic factors (Doherty and Tranchell 166).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considering these factors the company commits significant resources, time and effort to establish effective relationships. There are direct and indirect associations between firms. Direct relations are for those firms that have actual transaction interactions. Indirect relationships are with the firms that interact with organizational counterparts (Schott 650). As indicated in the discussion, a company interacts with others from micro positions, with specific partners and macro positions, with the whole network. Over the years, business internationalization defined Wal-Mart’s position in various markets, its integration and strength in the market. In this regard, the company achieves internationalization of the organization through three major ways namely direct international extension, penetration and international integration. Additional insights Additional insights on models of business internationalization are drawn from the article, New thinking in international trade? A case study of the Day Chocolate Company, which indicates the importance of ensuring stakeholders benefit from the company’s international expansion. Just as the three models propose, the company considers the cocoa farmers as strategic shareholders and equity owners in the organization. The subsequent good relationships result in improved status of farmers and the sustained growth achieved by the organization. Critical insights drawn from the article is the significance of placing strategic partners at the center of organizations expanding to international markets. The article U.S. Apparel Retailers ’ International Expansion: an Application of the Uppsala Model, â€Å"elucidates the U.S. apparel retailers’ internationalization by proposing a theoretical framework that incorporates the antecedents of U.S. apparel retail firms’ international market involvement and investigating the effects of international activities on firm performance†. Implicatio ns for business internationalization The analysis of models for business internationalization using the case of Wal-Mart has several implications for business internalization in general. Top of the implication is the need for managers to combine practical experience and theoretical perspectives in the business globalization strategies (Doherty and Tranchell 166). Through the theoretical models, organizations learn critical lessons about internationalization by understanding the socio-economic and cultural factors in the new mew markets. The corporate center should take part in the implementation of expansion strategies, and organizational management, particularly the chief executive officer should engage with other partners directs or indirectly to achieve the benefits of business internationalization. Indeed, while companies have different ways of expanding to new markets, internationalization models indicate the need of engaging stakeholders to achieve sustainable growth in the ne w countries. As the internationalization models indicate, involving everyone in the expansion process enhances transparency and provides organizations with ways of managing potential implications on business operations. More importantly, the models emphasize on the importance of keeping in mind long term objectives of the company while addressing immediate objectives. Conclusion Globalization resulted in transformation in the conventional aspects of international relations and the business sector responded particularly well with many organizations expanding to international markets. From the analysis of models for business internationalization using Wal-Mart as the case study, the study examined three major models namely the stage, transactional cost analysis and the network models. Considering the heavy investment of financial, human and other resources, the models provide vital insights to guide organizations in developing and executing their internationalization strategies. Using the models for business internationalization, companies have a broader picture of factors that determine success or failure in the international market. The factors to consider in internationalization include market size and potential for growth, competition intensity, political and legal factors, the GDP, population distribution in the rural and urban areas as well as the socio-cultural environment. From the case of Wal-Mart, the company implemented its internationalization strategies based on guidelines of the models, which made the company hugely successful in most of the markets entered. The insights provided from analyzing the models and the case of Wal-Mart have major implication for the company and other intending to implement internationalization businesses. Works Cited Doherty, B., and Sophi T. â€Å"New thinking in international trade? A case study of The Day Chocolate Company.† Sustainable Development 13.3 (2005): 166-176. Print. Schott, Peter K. â€Å"Across-pro duct versus within-product specialization in international trade.† The Quarterly Journal of Economics 119.2 (2004): 647-678. Print. 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